Class 10 History Chapter 1,
"The Rise of Nationalism in Europe":
• 1707: The Act of Union was signed, leading to the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'.
• 1789: The French Revolution began, promoting ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) and establishing a centralized administrative system with uniform laws.
• 1797: The Napoleonic wars began as Napoleon invaded Italy.
• 1801: - Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
• 1804: The Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) was introduced, which abolished privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.
• 1815: Napoleon was defeated by European powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria).
• 1815: The representatives of the European nations met at the Congress of Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe, restoring the old monarchies.
• 1821: The Greek struggle for independence from the Ottoman Empire began.
• 1830: The first major upheaval (July Revolution) took place in France, leading to the overthrow of the Bourbon monarchs and the establishment of a constitutional monarchy.
• 1832: The Treaty of Constantinople was signed, recognizing Greece as an independent nation.
• 1834: The Zollverein, a customs union, was formed in Prussia to abolish tariff barriers and promote economic unity.
• 1848: Frederic Sorrieu prepared a series of four paintings visualizing a world of democratic and social republics.
• 1848: Revolutions across Europe:
o In France, the monarch was renounced and a republic was formed.
o In German states, 831 elected representatives marched to the Frankfurt Parliament to draft a constitution for a German nation, but the attempt failed.
• 1859:- Sardinia-Piedmont, allied with France, defeated the Austrian forces, which was a key step in Italian unification.
• 1861: Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed King of unified Italy.
• 1866–1871: The process of German unification, led by Prussia's Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck, was completed through three wars (with Denmark, Austria, and France).
• 1867: The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians.
• 1871: The Prussian King William I was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony at Versailles, marking the completion of German unification.
• 1905: Slav nationalism gathered force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires, leading to future conflicts.
• 1914: World War I began, partly due to nationalist tensions in the Balkans.
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