SET - (1, 2 and 3) KURUKSHETRA REGION Subject :- Social Science (2025-2026)

 SET - (1, 2 and 3)

KURUKSHETRA REGION

Sub :- Social Science (2025-2026)

History

Section - A

MCQ

1. (A) - Berne

2. (A) -  Botth Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

3. (C) - West Asia

4. (B) - a-(iv), b-(iii), c-(i), d-(i)

5. (D) - II, IV, I, III

6. (B) Diamond Sutra

7. Mechanical Movable Type: While not the first to use movable type globally, Gutenberg developed a system suited for European alphabets. He created a durable, reusable type using a metal alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, which allowed for faster and more efficient production compared to woodblock printing.

• The Printing Press: He adapted existing technologies, specifically agricultural screw presses (wine or olive presses), to create a press that allowed for sharp, consistent, and rapid impressions on paper.
• Oil-Based Ink: Gutenberg developed a more durable oil-based ink that adhered better to metal type, producing clearer, higher-quality, and more durable, uniform text.
• Type Moulds: He invented a adjustable hand mould for casting type, which enabled precise, uniform, and mass-produced letters, accelerating the printing process.
• The 42-Line Bible: His masterpiece, the 42-line "Gutenberg Bible" (c. 1455).

OR

Martin Luther declared "Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one" because it revolutionized the spread of knowledge, enabling the rapid dissemination of ideas that sparked the Protestant Reformation.

• Spread of the Reformation: In 1517, Luther used the printing press to publish his Ninety-Five Theses, which criticised Roman Catholic Church rituals. These ideas spread rapidly, allowing people to read his criticisms and debate them.
• Accessibility of Knowledge: 
• Encouraged Rational Thinking: 
• Widespread Impact:

8. The 1789 French Revolution is considered the first clear expression of nationalism, shifting sovereignty from the monarchy to a body of citizens. It created a collective identity through the concepts of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen), fostering a sense of shared community and destiny. 

• Symbolic Changes: The royal standard was replaced by the tricolor flag.
• Political Restructuring: The Estates-General was renamed the National Assembly and elected by active citizens.
• Cultural Unification: New hymns were composed, oaths taken, and martyrs commemorated to build national unity.
• Administrative Uniformity: A centralized system implemented uniform laws, abolished internal custom duties, and adopted standardized weights and measures.
• Language Policy: Regional dialects were discouraged, promoting French as the national language. 

OR

While nationalism united people within a country, it also encouraged imperialism—the expansion of power over foreign territories.

What is Imperialism?

The policy of extending a country’s political, economic, or military control over other regions.

Case Study: The Balkans 

The Balkans refers to a region in Southeastern Europe that includes countries like Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, and Bosnia-Herzegovina. 

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, the Balkans became a center of nationalist movements, imperial rivalries, and conflicts, ultimately contributing to the outbreak of World War I (1914-1918).

Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Britain wanted to control in the Balkans.

Anti-imperial movements 

Anti-imperial movements played a crucial role in reshaping the modern world. They ended colonial rule, promoted self-determination, and inspired global struggles for equality and justice.

Modern Nationalism in Europe came to be associated with the formation of nation states.

9.1 Main aim of the Quit India Movement

(a) Withdrawl of the British from India. (End to British rule from India)

(b) Self governance. (Transfer of Power to Indians)

9.2 Bombay.

9.3 Non voilent methods. Observed Hartal and demonstrations and processions were accompanied by national songs and slogans.

Students, peasant, workers, strikes, etc.

Section - B

Geography

11. (A) -  a- ii, b - iii, c-iv, d-i

12. (D) - PAddy, Maize, Groundnut, Soyabean

13 (B) - II, IV, I, III

14. Ferrous Minerals :- Ferrous minerals are minerals that contain iron (Fe) in significant amounts. They are essential for the production of iron and steel, which are used in construction, transportation, and various industries.

Non-Ferrous Minerals :- Non-ferrous minerals are minerals that do not contain iron (Fe). These minerals are essential for industries like electrical, construction, and aerospace due to their lightweight, high conductivity, and corrosion resistance.

OR

Conventional Energy Sources :- Used for a long time, mostly non-renewable. Conventional sources are generally cheaper initially but cause pollution.  

Non-Conventional Energy Sources :- (Alternative and renewable) Solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy, biomass. 

15. Plantation agriculture is a specialized form of commercial farming focused on large-scale, monoculture cultivation (e.g., tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane) for export-oriented profit.

• Monoculture & Large Estates: Single cash crops are grown over large areas (e.g., coffee in Brazil, tea in India), 
• Capital & Technology Intensive: 
• Market-Oriented: 
• Labor Intensive: 

16.   Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials into more valuable finished goods.

Importance of Manufacturing

• Value addition – Raw materials are turned into valuable goods.
• Employment – Creates jobs and reduces pressure on agriculture.
• Exports – Earns foreign exchange for the country. Expand trade and commerce.
• Growth – Boosts economic development and helps in modernization.
• Backward & forward linkages – Encourages development of other sectors (like transport, banking, etc.)

Contribution of Industry to the National Economy

• Increases GDP (Gross Domestic Product):
• Employment Generation:
• Foreign Exchange:
• Reduces Dependence on Agriculture:
• Boosts Infrastructure and Development:
• Encourages Innovation and Technology:

OR

Yes, both Agriculture and industry are interdependent or move hand in had because agriculture provide essential raw materials (cotton, sugarcane) for industries, while industry provides modern inputs (fertilizers, tractors, pesticides) that boost agricultural productivity.

• Raw Materials for Industry: Agro-based industries are entirely dependent on agriculture for raw materials, such as cotton for textiles, jute for gunny bags, and sugarcane for sugar.
• Inputs for Agriculture: Industries produce essential products that increase agricultural productivity and efficiency, including fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and agricultural machinery like tractors and harvesters.
• Infrastructure & Technology: The manufacturing sector supports agriculture by providing irrigation pumps, PVC pipes, and tools, improving the overall farming process.
• Employment & Economic Growth

17.1 - Conservation of forest necessary.

(a) Regulating the climate, 

(b) preserving biodiversity, and 

(c) supporting human livelihoods.

17.2 Degraded Forest.

17.3 - Role of local communities in forest conservation.

(a) Sustainable Resource Management.

(b) Protection and monitoring of forest.

(c) Active participation.

Civics

Section - C

19. (A) - Small country of Europe

20. (C) - Parliamant of India

21. (D) - Switzerland

22. (A) - Sweden

23.  A Political Party is a group of people who become together to contest election and  hold power in the government.

• Put forward policies and programmes.
• Make laws.
• Shape public opinion.
• Link between people and the government.

24. Women’s Political Representation

Women’s political representation refers to their participation in governance and decision-making roles, such as Parliament, State Assemblies, local bodies, and executive positions. Despite progress, women still face underrepresentation in politics worldwide due to social, cultural, and structural barriers.

Government Initiatives to Promote Women in Politics

• 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendments (1992) – 33% reservation for women in Panchayati Raj & Urban Local Bodies.
• Women’s Reservation Bill (108th Amendment, 2023) – Proposes 33% reservation for women in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies (pending implementation).
• Political Party Quotas – Some parties have introduced internal quotas for women candidates.
• Awareness & Leadership Programs – Training women to become political leaders.

25. Accommodation of Social Diversity

Democracy helps in peacefully handling social differences.

In the eye of law all citizens are equal.

Democracy is not simply rule by majority opinion.

It allows various communities to live together and respects minority rights.

A democratic government tries to resolve conflicts through discussions, not violence.

26. A political party is: A Political Party is a group of people who become together to contest election and  hold power in the government.

"An organized group of people who share similar ideas and policies about how a country should be governed, and who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government."

Main Functions of Political Parties:

• Contest Elections.
• Put forward policies and programmes.
• Make laws.
• Form governments (if they win majority).
• Act as opposition (if they lose).
• Shape public opinion.
• Link between people and the government.

Necessity of Political Parties :-  Political parties are essential for the smooth functioning of a democracy. 

OR

Challenges to political parties

Political parties are very important for democracy, but they also face many challenges. These challenges affect their functioning, transparency, and credibility.

1. Lack of Internal Democracy

Parties don’t hold regular elections within the party.

Ordinary members have no voice in decision-making.

Power remains in the hands of top leaders.

2. Dynastic Succession

Leadership is often passed to family members, not based on merit.

Reduces chances for talented and hardworking people from outside the family.

Example: Political families dominating parties.

Politics

3. Use of Money and Muscle Power

Rich candidates can buy votes or use muscle power to win elections.

Criminals sometimes enter politics.

Election becomes unfair and corrupt.

4. Lack of Meaningful Choice for Voters

Most parties offer similar promises, no real difference in policies.

Sometimes, even candidates from different parties keep switching parties, confusing voters.

5. Corruption and Misuse of Power

Some parties misuse government power for personal or party gain.

Bribery, scams, and favoritism reduce people’s faith in democracy.

27.1 (a) 

• No one mis use the power. 
• Upholds the Spirit of Democracy: Democracy is based on the idea that power should not be concentrated in one hand.
• Prevents Majority Domination: It ensures that minority groups also have a say in decision-making.

(b) 

• Avoids Conflict in Society:
• Ensures Political Stability: 
• Upholds the Spirit of Democracy: 
• Prevents Majority Domination:

(c) People rule themselves through institutions of self-govt.

• Giving due resect to diverse groups.
• Everyone has a voice in the shaping of public policies

Economics

Section - D

28. (C) - S

29. (A) -    Botth Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)

30. (A) - Total population of the country / Total income of the country

31. (B) - Only I and III

32. (C) - Both statement I and Statement II are correct.

33. (B) - Individually controlled

34. (A) - Higher support price for crops

35.  Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year.

• GDP is the sum of the money and value of final goods and services produced in each sector. 
• It is an important measure of a country's economic growth and development.

36.  Globalisation is the process of integration and interaction among countries through increased movement of goods, services, investments, technology, and people.

It makes the world more interconnected and interdependent.

Interlinking Production Across Countries:- Interlinking of production means that the production process of a single good or service is spread across different countries.

How Is Production Interlinked?

• Multinational Corporations (MNCs) play a big role.
• MNCs set up factories, offices, or partnerships in various countries.
• They divide the production process and carry it out in different places.
• This helps them reduce costs and maximize profit.
• MNCs sell products worldwide, making the same brand available in different countries.
• Example: You can find Coca-Cola, Nike, or Samsung in many parts of the world.

37. Ways to Create More Employment

1. Improving Agriculture :- Provide modern equipment, irrigation, and better seeds to increase productivity.

Encourage agro-based industries (like food processing, dairy, and cold storage) to create jobs.

Example: Setting up food-processing units in villages to generate local employment.

2. Expanding Small-Scale IndustriesCommunications & Media Studies

Promote handicrafts, pottery, and textile industries in rural areas.

Provide low-interest loans and training to small business owners.

Example: Khadi and village industries create self-employment.

3. Boosting the Manufacturing Sector 

Programs like "Make in India" encourage companies to set up factories.

More factories = more jobs in construction, engineering, and production.

Example: Automobile and electronics manufacturing create thousands of jobs.

4. Promoting the Service Sector 

Expand banking, transport, tourism, education, and healthcare to employ more people.

Encourage BPO (Call Centers) and IT companies in smaller towns.

Example: IT hubs like Bengaluru and Hyderabad generate thousands of jobs.

5. Developing Infrastructure & Construction 

Building roads, bridges, railways, and housing creates employment for laborers, engineers, and suppliers.

Government programs like "Bharatmala" and "Smart Cities" help generate jobs.

6. Encouraging Self-Employment & Startups

Provide loans and skill training to encourage entrepreneurship.

Example: Government schemes like Mudra Yojana help small businesses grow.

7. Government Employment Programs 

38. Credit:-  An agreement in which the lender provides money/resources and the borrower agrees to repay later, usually with interest.

• Investment and Capital Formation: Credit provides the necessary funds for industries and businesses to purchase machinery, build infrastructure, and expand operations, which accelerates industrial growth.
• Agricultural Growth: Timely credit allows farmers to purchase essential inputs like seeds, fertilizers, and technology, enhancing productivity in the rural economy.
• Promotion of Entrepreneurship: Access to credit allows individuals to take risks, innovate, and start new business ventures, creating jobs and fostering economic activity.
• Enhanced Consumption and Demand: By allowing consumers to purchase goods (e.g., housing, vehicles), credit boosts market demand, which in turn drives production and economic growth.
• Poverty Alleviation and Inclusion: Affordable credit (especially microfinance) enables low-income individuals to invest in income-generating activities, helping to reduce poverty and promote inclusive growth.
• Income Smoothing: Credit helps households manage unexpected emergencies and seasonal income fluctuations, providing economic stability.

OR

 Self Help Groups (SHGs)

A Self Help Group (SHG) is a small group of people, usually 10 to 20 members, who come together to save money regularly, give small loans to each other, and support each other financially and socially.

Main Objective of SHG:-To provide small loans, encourage saving habits, and empower poor people, especially women, by making them financially independent and self-reliant.

Importance of SHG:

• Promotes Regular Savings:- Every member saves a fixed small amount regularly (e.g., ₹50 or ₹100).
• Provides Loans to Members:-Members can borrow small amounts for needs like medical help, farming, small businesses, etc.
• Loans are given at low interest rates.
• Access to Bank Loans:- SHG can take bigger loans from banks in the group’s name, without individual collateral.
• Financial Literacy:-Teaches members how to manage money, budgeting, and simple accounting.
• Social Empowerment:-Builds confidence, unity, and helps in solving local problems (like drinking water, education, etc.)
• Increase Saving habits:-

SET - 2

Question - 15 

Commercial Farming:- Commercial farming is fundamentally driven by the goal of maximizing profitability through high-volume production.

• Practiced on large farms with modern techniques.
• Includes cash crops like cotton, sugarcane, and tea, coffee.
• Uses HYV (High Yielding Variety) seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation.
• Crops are grown for sale and profit.

Question - 16

Jute Textile Industry:- First Jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra. After Partition in 1947 third- Fourth part of jute producing area went to Bangladesh.

Raw Material:- Jute – mainly grown in West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Odisha.

Major Centers:- Kolkata (West Bengal) is the largest jute industry hub. 

Factors responsible for their location in the Hugli basin are:- 

• Inexpensive water, transport, good connectivity of Railway, roadways, Waterways etc.
• Abundant water.
• Cheap labor.
• banking insurance and port facilities etc.

Features:

India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods.

Faces competition from synthetic fibers like plastic.

Used for making gunny bags, ropes, mats, carpets, etc.

Exports:- Jute products are exported to USA, UK, Australia, Ghana, Germany, etc.

OR

 Chemical Industry:-Yes, The chemical industry is one of the most diversified industries in India.

It produces a wide range of organic and inorganic substances used in other industries, agriculture, and daily life.

Importance of the Chemical Industry

• Supports agriculture (through fertilizers and pesticides).
• Supplies raw materials to textiles, paper, pharmaceuticals, engineering industries.
• Helps in the growth of consumer goods (soaps, detergents, cosmetics).

Major Chemical Industry Centers in India

• Gujarat – largest producer of chemicals (Vadodara, Ahmedabad).
• Maharashtra – Mumbai, Thane.
• Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal.

Question- 23:- A Political Party is a group of people who come together to contest election and  hold power in the government.

Policy Making

• Parties bring different policies and programmes.
• Voters choose among them based on their needs.

Question- 25

Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.

• Democracy Produces an Accountable, Responsive, and Legitimate Government
• Democracy and Economic Growth and Development
• Reduction of Inequality and Poverty
• Accommodation of Social Diversity
• Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens
• Power should rest with the people,
• Citizens have the right to participate in decision-making,
• Everyone is equal in the eyes of the law.

Question - 36 

What Happened in 1991?:- It was time when India producers to compete with producers around the globe.Communications & Media Studies

• India was facing a serious economic crisis.
• To improve the situation, the government introduced Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation (LPG) reforms.
• It started removing trade barriers to encourage foreign trade and investment.
• WTO – World Trade Organization

Question - 37 

Rising Importance of the Growth of the Tertiary Sector

1. Increased Demand for Services

As incomes rise, people spend more on services like education, healthcare, banking, tourism, and entertainment.

Example: More people now visit private hospitals and schools than before.

2. Growth of Information Technology (IT) and CommunicationEducational Resources

India has become a global leader in IT services, software development, and BPOs (Business Process Outsourcing).

Example: Companies like TCS, Infosys, and Wipro provide IT services worldwide.

3. Industrial and Agricultural Growth

Industries and farms need transport, storage, banking, and insurance.

Example: Farmers now use banking services for loans and crop insurance.

4. Urbanization and Modernization

More people are moving to cities, increasing demand for housing, retail, transport, and entertainment.

Example: The rise of shopping malls, restaurants, and online businesses.

5. Government Policies and Globalization

Economic reforms (1991 liberalization) allowed foreign companies to invest in India, boosting banking, retail, and telecommunications.

Example: Reliance Jio revolutionized mobile internet services.

Where Are the Most People Employed in India? 

Even though the tertiary sector contributes the most to GDP, the majority of Indians are still employed in the primary sector (agriculture and related activities).

Most people (~45%) still work in the primary sector (agriculture) even though it contributes less to GDP.

The tertiary sector dominates the economy in terms of GDP, but employs only 30% of workers.

The secondary sector provides around 25% of employment, mostly in construction and industries.

Question. 38 - 

 Formal Sector: - 

• Banks and cooperatives. :- Bank mediaate between those who have surplus funds (Depositors) and those who are in need of these funds (Borrowers).
• Regulated by RBI:- Activities of Bank and cooperative regulate by RBI and all banks must report to RBI
• Require documentation and collateral.
• Lower interest rates:- Due to lower interest rate and regulatory body help borrower to grow or  less chance to be exploite. 
• To promote small businessman, trader, peasant etc.
• Cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country's development.

Informal Sector: 

• A person(borrower) take credit unregulatory body like.
• Moneylenders, traders, relatives.
• Not regulated.
• High interest rates.
• Risk of exploitation.
• They can use unethical means to get their money back.

OR

• Mobilization of Savings and Credit Creation: Banks collect deposits from the public, keeping only a small portion (as mandated by the RBI) in cash. They use the major portion of these deposits to provide loans and advances to individuals and businesses, creating "credit money" that increases the money supply and liquidity in the economy.

• Support for Agriculture and Rural Development: To reduce dependence on informal moneylenders, banks provide crucial credit for agricultural activities, including purchasing seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and equipment. Schemes like the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) provide easy and flexible access to credit for farmers.

• Priority Sector Lending (PSL): As mandated by the RBI, banks in India must allocate a specific percentage of their loans to "priority sectors," which include agriculture, micro and small enterprises (MSMEs), education, housing, and weaker sections. This ensures that credit reaches neglected, yet crucial, sectors of the economy.

• Facilitating Trade and Industrialization: Banks provide working capital and long-term loans to industries to set up, expand, or modernize units. They also support trade through services like cash credit, overdrafts, and discounting bills of exchange.
• To promote small businessman, trader, peasant etc.
• Cheap and affordable credi

SET - 3

Question. 15 -

Intensive Farming :- It is a agriculture production system that uses small inputs of labour, fertilizer and capital, relative to land area being farmed.

• Small landholdings with maximum use of labor and inputs.
• High output per unit of land.
• Common in densely populated areas.

Question. 16 -

 Manufacturing?

Manufacturing is the process of converting raw materials into more valuable finished goods.

It belongs to the secondary sector of the economy (primary is farming/mining; tertiary is services).

Example: Cotton (raw material) → Spun into thread → Woven into cloth → Sold as a shirt.

Industry Important for the Economy?

• Increases GDP (Gross Domestic Product):
• Employment Generation:
• Foreign Exchange:
• Reduces Dependence on Agriculture:
• Boosts Infrastructure and Development:
• Encourages Innovation and Technology:

OR

When industries release unwanted or harmful wastes (like smoke, chemicals, and garbage), it causes pollution in air, water, land, and noise — damaging the environment and human health.

This process is called environmental degradation.

Yes, we need to save clean water from industrial pollution.

• Chemical and toxic waste from factories dumped in rivers and lakes.Lead water pollution which Kills aquatic life, makes water unsafe for humans and animals.
• Protecting Human Health:
• Ensuring Safe Water Access:
• Preserving Ecosystems and Biodiversity:
• To Supporting Agriculture and Economy:

Question. 25 - 

 Democracy is a form of government in which the rulers are elected by the people.

• Democracy Produces an Accountable, Responsive, and Legitimate Government
• Democracy and Economic Growth and Development
• Reduction of Inequality and Poverty
• Accommodation of Social Diversity
• Dignity and Freedom of the Citizens
• Power should rest with the people,
• Citizens have the right to participate in decision-making,
• Everyone is equal in the eyes of the law.

Question. 36 - 

Technology: Improvements in information and communication. It also play crucial role in spreading out production of services across countries.

• MNCs bring modern technology and advanced skills to developing countries.
• Local companies and workers learn new methods and techniques.
• Faster Communication: 
• Digital Economy & Logistics: 
• Reduced Costs & Access: 
• E-commerce (e.g., Amazon, Alibaba): 
• Global Collaboration Tools (e.g., Zoom, Slack): 

Question. 37 - Private Sector:-  (Private sector Owned by individual or particular group.

Role of Private Sectors in development of country 

• Expand business, invest in innovation, and create more jobs.
• Improve efficiency and competition in the market.

Examples:

Reliance Industries (petroleum, telecom, retail).

Tata Motors (manufacturing cars and trucks).

Infosys & TCS (IT and software services).

Question.38 (b) - Informal Sector: A person(borrower) take credit unregulatory body like.

Negative: 

• Can lead to debt trap if not repaid on time (e.g., crop failure leading to inability to repay loan).
• Debt Trap – A debt trap is a situation where a person takes a loan but is unable to repay it, so they are forced to take more loans to repay the previous ones, leading to a cycle of increasing debt.
• Example:- A farmer takes a loan to buy seeds, but his crop fails. He can't repay the loan, so he borrows again. Now he has two loans and interest to pay—this can lead to a debt trap.
• Moneylenders, traders, relatives.
• Not regulated.
• High interest rates.
• Risk of exploitation.
• They can use unethical means to get their money back.