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 Chapter 5, " Print Culture and the Modern World," arranged in a sequence suitable for board exams.  Early Print in East Asia • AD 594 onwards: Books in China were printed by rubbing paper against inked woodblocks; a system of hand printing. • Around AD 768-770: Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into Japan. • AD 868: The oldest existing Japanese book, the Buddhist Diamond Sutra, was printed with woodcut illustrations. • 1295: Marco Polo returned to Italy from China, bringing with him the knowledge of woodblock printing, which then spread to Europe.  The Print Revolution in Europe • 1430s: Johann Gutenberg developed the first printing press with movable metal type. • By 1448: Gutenberg perfected his system and printed the Bible. • 1450-1550: Printing presses were established across Europe, leading to a print revolution and the mass production of books. • 1517: Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, critical of the Roman Catho...

  Chapter 2, Nationalism in India,  chronological order for board exams: Mind Map Early Gandhian Movements & Post-WW1 Events • January 1915: Mahatma Gandhi returns to India from South Africa. • 1916: Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar to inspire peasants against the oppressive plantation system. • 1917: Kheda Satyagraha to support peasants who could not pay revenue due to crop failure and a plague epidemic. • 1918: Satyagraha movement in Ahmedabad among cotton mill workers. • 1918-1919: Severe food shortages, crop failures, and an influenza epidemic caused hardship across India. • 1919: The Rowlatt Act is passed, allowing for the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. • 13 April 1919: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurs in Amritsar. • March 1919: The Khilafat Committee is formed in Bombay (Mumbai) to defend the Ottoman Caliphate.  The Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM) • September 1920: At a special session in Calcutta, the Congress ag...

Class 10 History Chapter 1,  "The Rise of Nationalism in Europe":  • 1707: The Act of Union was signed, leading to the formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'. • 1789: The French Revolution began, promoting ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) and establishing a centralized administrative system with uniform laws. • 1797: The Napoleonic wars began as Napoleon invaded Italy. • 1801: - Ireland  was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom. • 1804: The Napoleonic Code (Civil Code) was introduced, which abolished privileges based on birth, established equality before the law, and secured the right to property. • 1815: Napoleon was defeated by European powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia,  Austria). • 1815: The representatives of the European nations met at the Congress of Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe, restoring the old monarchies. • 1821: The Greek struggle for independence from the Ottoman Empire bega...

Chapter - 5  - "Print Culture and the Modern World" 1. The First Printed Books Earliest printing technology: China, Japan, Korea – Woodblock printing. In China: Books printed by hand. Rich people read books; civil service examinations increased demand for books. Sanghai become the hub of the new print culture Buddhist missionaries spread printing to Japan and Korea. Calligarph:- The art of beautiful and stylised writing. 1.1 Print in Japan Introduction of Printing in Japan Printing arrived in Japan from China through Buddhist missionaries around the 8th century. Buddhist texts were the first printed materials. Oldest Japanese printed book: The Diamond Sutra (868 CE). Edo Period and Printing Edo is the old name for Tokyo. During the Edo period, printing flourished. Demand for books increased because: Urbanization. High literacy among samurai, merchants, and townspeople. People wanted entertainment, education, and practical information. 2. The Print Revolution in Europe In 11th...

 1 Mark Questions (Very Short Answer) Who was the architect of the unification of Germany? What was the significance of the Treaty of Vienna (1815)? Name the allegory used to represent France. Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? What does the term ‘Zollverein’ refer to? Who was Johann Gottfried and Grimm Brothers?  Who was Frederic Sorrieu and what's the name of his painting?  What is a meaning of Utopian vision of a worlds according to Frederic Sorrieu?  What is the meaning of torch which hold by The statue?  Broken thrown can be seen as?  What do you mean by liberalism? Allegory of Germany and France called.  Sword, oak, and Imperial crown symbolize for?  How this picture relate to nationalism?  3 Mark Questions (Short Answer) Explain any three features of the French Revolution that promoted the idea of nationalism in Europe. What role did language and culture play in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe? Describe the process of unification of...

 Chapter - 3  The Making of a Global World  1. Pre-modern World Gloablisation :- The movement/exchange of goods, capital, services, idea and people from one nation to other nations is called globalisation. In Ancient time :- Travellers, Traders, Priests and Pilgrims travelled long distances for various purpose, Knowledge, Opportunities, Spritual full filment  Millennia :-  A millennium is a period of 1,000 years. The plural is millennia.   Cowries :- Cowries are small, shiny, seashells that were used as a form of money or currency in many ancient societies. Cultural exchange (ideas, religion, technology) also took place along these routes. 1.1 - The Silk Route – Linking the World What was the Silk Route? The Silk Route was an ancient network of trade routes that connected Asia, Europe, and parts of Africa. It’s called the "Silk Route" because silk, especially from China, was one of the most valuable goods traded. It wasn’t a single road, but a series of lan...

 Chapter - 2 Nationalism in India The chapter discusses the emergence of nationalism in India and how it became a powerful force in the struggle against British rule. Focuses on the Non-Cooperation Movement(1920), Civil Disobedience Movement, and other aspects of the Indian independence struggle. The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation Impact of first world war in India? World war - I (1914-18) created a new economic and political situation in India. High taxes, price rise, forced recruitment, and famines led to widespread resentment. 1.1 The Idea of Satyagraha What is Satyagraha? Gandhi ji came India January 1917 Satyagraha is a method of non-violent protest developed by Mahatma Gandhi. The word means ‘truth-force’ or ‘soul-force’. It is based on the idea that if the cause is true and the struggle is just, then no physical force is necessary to fight injustice. Key Principles of Satyagraha: Non-violence (Ahimsa) – Never use physical force, even if the opponent does. Trut...

4 the making of Germany and Italy  4.1 Unification of Germany The making of Germany and Italy was a process of unification that took place during the 19th century. The Making of Germany:  Before unification, the region we now know as Germany was made up of over 300 independent states. Key Figures: Otto von Bismarck – Prussian Chancellor and chief minister, who masterminded German unification through his policy of Blood and Iron. King Wilhelm I – King of Prussia, later the first German Emperor. Middle class people goes to Prussia king but king deny and suppressed them. Middle class people goes to Junkers (landlords) of Prussia. Chief ministers, Junkers and Millitary fight against French, Austria, and Denmark. The Role of Prussia: Otto von Bismarck : The key figure in the unification of Germany was Otto von Bismarck, Prime Minister of Prussia. He used a combination of diplomacy and war to achieve his goal of uniting the German states under Prussian leadership. Prussia win and Ge...

 3 The age of revolution : - 1830-1848  (Topic :-  3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3) The period between 1830 and 1848 was marked by widespread revolutionary movements across Europe. These revolutions were driven by liberalism, nationalism, and economic hardship and aimed at overthrowing monarchies, gaining independence, and establishing constitutional governments. Two Revolution in this period :-  July Revolution Greek Revolution 1. The July Revolution (France, 1830) Cause: Bourbon king X tried to suppress freedom of the press and dissolve the elected parliament. Event: People revolted and  overthrown. Result: Louis Philippe (the "Citizen King") took the throne, establishing a constitutional monarchy. Impact: Inspired revolutions in Belgium 2. The Belgian Revolution (1830) Cause: Belgium was forced into a union with the Netherlands in 1815 (Treaty of Vienna). Event: The Belgians revolted and declared independence. Result: Belgium became an independent nation in 1831. Greek Revo...

 Class 10th History Notes Chapter -1 (The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation) 2.2 - Liberal nationalism in the 19th century stood for: Liberalism derives from the "Latin" word liber, meaning free. Individual Freedom – It emphasized personal liberties such as freedom of speech, press, and religion. Equality Before Law – It promoted the idea of a constitution that guarantees equal rights for all citizens. Democratic Government – It supported a government elected by the people rather than monarchy or dictatorship. Economic Freedom – It encouraged free markets and the removal of trade restrictions. Unification of Nations – It played a role in unifying fragmented states, such as Italy and Germany. End of clerical privileges. Suffrage - The right to vote. Liberal nationalists opposed absolute monarchy and aristocratic privileges, aiming to create modern nation-states based on democratic principles. The middle class in the 19th century faced several problems, especially in...