Showing posts with label Class - 6 SOCIAL SCIENCE. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Class - 6 SOCIAL SCIENCE. Show all posts

Wednesday, May 7, 2025

Chapter - 14 Economic Activities Around us

 Chapter - 14 Economic Activities Around us

Monetary Value:- Value of something that can be measired in terms of money.

Economic Sectors:-Broad groups that include various activities that help with the economic prosperity of a nation.

The Classification of Economic Activities into Economic Sectors:-  Economic Activities calssified into three major groups.

1. Primary Activities

These involve using natural resources directly from nature.

Examples: Farming, fishing, mining, forestry, cattle rearing.

Why it's called "primary": Because it is the first step – taking raw materials from nature.

2. Secondary Activities

These involve making things from the raw materials.

Examples: Making clothes in a factory, making furniture from wood, making bread from wheat.

Why it's "secondary": Because it is the second step – changing raw materials into finished goods.

3. Tertiary Activities

These involve providing services instead of goods.

Examples: Teachers, doctors, shopkeepers, drivers, bankers.

Why it's "tertiary": Because it helps support the primary and secondary activities.


Interdependence among sectors :- Interdependence means that these sectors rely on each other to work properly. No sector can function alone. They help each other and depend on one another.

Examples:

  • Farmers (Agriculture) need machines and fertilizers made by industries.
  • Factories (Industry) need raw materials like cotton, sugarcane, etc., which come from farms.
  • Services like transportation help carry goods from factories to markets and from farms to cities.
  • Banks (service sector) give loans to farmers and factory owners.
  • Doctors and teachers (services) help farmers and workers stay healthy and educated.

Cooperative: – A cooperative is a group of people who work together and help each other to meet their common needs.
Example:
  • Farmers form a cooperative to buy seeds and tools together at a lower cost.
  • Shopkeepers form a cooperative to sell goods at fair prices.
Middleman:- A middleman is a person who helps to sell goods from producers (like farmers or factory owners) to consumers (people who buy things).

Example:
  • A farmer grows vegetables.
  • A middleman buys the vegetables from the farmer and sells them to shopkeepers or in the market.
  • Then, customers buy the vegetables from the shop.
Pasteurisation – Pasteurisation is a process in which milk is heated to a certain temperature and then quickly cooled to kill harmful germs and make it safe to drink.

Factory –  A factory is a place where things are made using machines and workers.

Retail:- Retail means selling goods directly to customers in small quantities, usually in shops or stores.
Example:
You go to a shop to buy a pencil or a chocolate — that shop is doing retail.

Export:- Export means sending goods from our country to another country to sell them.
Example:
India exports tea, spices, clothes, and mangoes to countries like the USA, UK, and Australia.

NCERT QUESTIONS:-

Q.1- What is the primary sector? How os ot dofferent from the secondary sector? Give two examples.
Answer.1- The Primary Sector includes jobs where people use natural resources directly from nature.

Example:
  • Farming – growing crops
  • Fishing – catching fish
  • These jobs depend on land, water, and sunlight.
How is it Different from the Secondary Sector?
The Secondary Sector includes jobs where people make things in factories using the raw materials from the primary sector.
Example:
  • Making bread from wheat in a bakery
  • Making clothes from cotton in a textile factory
Q.2- How does the secondary sector depend on the teritary sector? Illustrate with a few examples.
Answer.2- The secondary sector (factories and industries) depends on the tertiary sector (services) for many things to run smoothly.

Examples:
Transport Services (Tertiary Sector)
  • Factories need trucks, trains, or ships to bring raw materials and send finished products to markets.
  • Example: A shoe factory needs trucks to deliver shoes to shops.
Banking Services
  • Factories need money to buy machines or pay workers. Banks give loans and handle payments.
  • Example: A biscuit factory takes a bank loan to buy new baking equipment.
Communication Services
  • Factories use phones, internet, and email to contact suppliers and customers.
  • Example: A toy company uses the internet to take online orders.
Electricity and Water Supply
  • Factories need electricity and water (services) to operate machines and run production.
Q.3- Give an example of interdependence between primary, secondary and teritary sectors. 
Answer.3- All three sectors work together like a team. Without the farmer (primary), the factory (secondary), or the delivery and shops (tertiary), we wouldn’t get bread!

Primary Sector – Farming:- A farmer grows wheat in the fields using natural resources like land, water, and sunlight.
Secondary Sector – Factory:- The wheat is sent to a flour mill where it is ground into flour, then taken to a bakery where bread is made using machines and workers.
Tertiary Sector – Services:- A transport service delivers the bread to shops. A shopkeeper sells the bread to customers.  Banks, electricity, and communication services also help in the process.

अध्याय - 14 हमारे चारों ओर आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ

मौद्रिक मूल्य :- किसी वस्तु का मूल्य जिसे मुद्रा के रूप में मापा जा सकता है।

आर्थिक क्षेत्र: - व्यापक समूह जिसमें विभिन्न गतिविधियां शामिल हैं जो किसी राष्ट्र की आर्थिक समृद्धि में मदद करती हैं।

आर्थिक क्षेत्रों में आर्थिक गतिविधियों का वर्गीकरण: - आर्थिक गतिविधियों को तीन प्रमुख समूहों में विभाजित किया गया।

1. प्राथमिक गतिविधियाँ

इनमें प्रकृति से सीधे प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उपयोग करना शामिल है।

उदाहरण: खेती, मछली पकड़ना, खनन, वानिकी, मवेशी पालन।

इसे "प्राथमिक" क्यों कहा जाता है: क्योंकि यह पहला कदम है - प्रकृति से कच्चा माल लेना।

2. माध्यमिक गतिविधियाँ

इनमें कच्चे माल से चीजें बनाना शामिल है।

उदाहरण: एक कारखाने में कपड़े बनाना, लकड़ी से फर्नीचर बनाना, गेहूं से रोटी बनाना।

यह "माध्यमिक" क्यों है: क्योंकि यह दूसरा चरण है - कच्चे माल को तैयार माल में बदलना।

3. तृतीयक क्रियाएँ

इनमें वस्तुओं के बजाय सेवाएं प्रदान करना शामिल है।

उदाहरण: शिक्षक, डॉक्टर, दुकानदार, ड्राइवर, बैंकर।

यह "तृतीयक" क्यों है: क्योंकि यह प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक गतिविधियों का समर्थन करने में मदद करता है।

क्षेत्रों के बीच अन्योन्याश्रय: - अन्योन्याश्रय का अर्थ है कि ये क्षेत्र ठीक से काम करने के लिए एक-दूसरे पर निर्भर हैं। कोई भी क्षेत्र अकेले कार्य नहीं कर सकता है। वे एक-दूसरे की मदद करते हैं और एक-दूसरे पर निर्भर करते हैं।

उदाहरण:
•किसानों (कृषि) को उद्योगों द्वारा बनाई गई मशीनों और उर्वरकों की आवश्यकता होती है।
•कारखानों (उद्योगों) को कपास, गन्ना आदि जैसे कच्चे माल की आवश्यकता होती है, जो खेतों से आते हैं।
•परिवहन जैसी सेवाएं कारखानों से बाजारों तक और खेतों से शहरों तक माल ले जाने में मदद करती हैं।
•बैंक (सेवा क्षेत्र) किसानों और कारखाना मालिकों को ऋण देते हैं।
•डॉक्टर और शिक्षक (सेवाएं) किसानों और श्रमिकों को स्वस्थ और शिक्षित रहने में मदद करते हैं।

सहकारिता :- सहकारिता उन लोगों का एक समूह है जो एक साथ काम करते हैं और अपनी सामान्य जरूरतों को पूरा करने में एक दूसरे की मदद करते हैं।

उदाहरण:
•किसान कम लागत पर एक साथ बीज और उपकरण खरीदने के लिए एक सहकारी समिति बनाते हैं।
•दुकानदार उचित मूल्य पर माल बेचने के लिए एक सहकारी समिति बनाते हैं।

बिचौलिया :- बिचौलिया वह व्यक्ति होता है जो उत्पादकों (जैसे किसान या कारखाना मालिकों) से उपभोक्ताओं (चीजें खरीदने वाले लोग) को सामान बेचने में मदद करता है।

उदाहरण:
•एक किसान सब्जियां उगाता है।
•एक बिचौलिया किसान से सब्जियां खरीदता है और उन्हें दुकानदारों या बाजार में बेचता है।
•फिर, ग्राहक दुकान से सब्जियां खरीदते हैं।

पाश्चुरीकरण – पाश्चुरीकरण एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है जिसमें दूध को एक निश्चित तापमान पर गर्म किया जाता है और फिर हानिकारक कीटाणुओं को मारने और पीने के लिए सुरक्षित बनाने के लिए जल्दी से ठंडा किया जाता है।

कारखाना –  एक कारखाना एक ऐसी जगह है जहाँ मशीनों और श्रमिकों का उपयोग करके चीजें बनाई जाती हैं।

खुदरा:- खुदरा का अर्थ है ग्राहकों को सीधे कम मात्रा में सामान बेचना, आमतौर पर दुकानों या दुकानों में।

उदाहरण:

आप एक पेंसिल या चॉकलेट खरीदने के लिए एक दुकान पर जाते हैं - वह दुकान खुदरा कर रही है।
निर्यात:- निर्यात का अर्थ है वस्तुओं को बेचने के लिए अपने देश से दूसरे देश में भेजना।

उदाहरण:
भारत संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका, ब्रिटेन और ऑस्ट्रेलिया जैसे देशों को चाय, मसाले, कपड़े और आम निर्यात करता है।

एनसीईआरटी प्रश्न:-
1. प्राथमिक क्षेत्रक क्या है? द्वितीयक क्षेत्र से कैसे प्राप्त किया जा सकता है? दो उदाहरण दीजिए।

उत्तर 1- प्राथमिक क्षेत्रक में वे कार्य शामिल हैं जहाँ लोग प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उपयोग सीधे प्रकृति से करते हैं।
उदाहरण:
•खेती – फसल उगाना
•मत्स्य पालन – मछली पकड़ना
•ये नौकरियां जमीन, पानी और सूरज की रोशनी पर निर्भर करती हैं।

यह द्वितीयक क्षेत्रक से किस प्रकार भिन्न है?

द्वितीयक क्षेत्र में ऐसी नौकरियां शामिल हैं जहां लोग प्राथमिक क्षेत्र से कच्चे माल का उपयोग करके कारखानों में चीजें बनाते हैं।

उदाहरण:
•बेकरी में गेहूं से रोटी बनाना
•कपड़ा कारखाने में कपास से कपड़े बनाना

2. द्वितीयक क्षेत्रक किस प्रकार तृतीयक क्षेत्रक पर निर्भर करता है? कुछ उदाहरणों द्वारा स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर-2- द्वितीयक क्षेत्रक (कारखाना एवं उद्योग) अनेक वस्तुओं के सुचारू रूप से चलने के लिए तृतीयक क्षेत्रक (सेवाओं) पर निर्भर करता है।

उदाहरण:

परिवहन सेवाएं (तृतीयक क्षेत्र)
•कारखानों को कच्चे माल लाने और तैयार उत्पादों को बाजारों में भेजने के लिए ट्रकों, ट्रेनों या जहाजों की आवश्यकता होती है।
•उदाहरण: एक जूता कारखाने को दुकानों तक जूते पहुंचाने के लिए ट्रकों की आवश्यकता होती है।

बैंकिंग सेवाएं
•कारखानों को मशीन खरीदने या श्रमिकों को भुगतान करने के लिए धन की आवश्यकता होती है। बैंक ऋण देते हैं और भुगतान संभालते हैं।
•उदाहरण: एक बिस्कुट कारखाना नए बेकिंग उपकरण खरीदने के लिए बैंक ऋण लेता है।

संचार सेवाएं
•कारखाने आपूर्तिकर्ताओं और ग्राहकों से संपर्क करने के लिए फोन, इंटरनेट और ईमेल का उपयोग करते हैं।
•उदाहरण: एक खिलौना कंपनी ऑनलाइन ऑर्डर लेने के लिए इंटरनेट का उपयोग करती है।

बिजली और पानी की आपूर्ति
•कारखानों को मशीनों को संचालित करने और उत्पादन चलाने के लिए बिजली और पानी (सेवाओं) की आवश्यकता होती है।

3. प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक एवं तृतीयक क्षेत्रकों के बीच अन्योन्याश्रयता का उदाहरण दीजिए। 

उत्तर 3- तीनों सेक्टर एक टीम की तरह मिलकर काम करते हैं। किसान (प्राथमिक), कारखाने (माध्यमिक), या वितरण और दुकानों (तृतीयक) के बिना, हमें रोटी नहीं मिलेगी!

प्राथमिक क्षेत्र – खेती: – एक किसान भूमि, पानी और सूर्य के प्रकाश जैसे प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उपयोग करके खेतों में गेहूं उगाता है।

द्वितीयक क्षेत्र – फैक्टरी: - गेहूं को एक आटा चक्की में भेजा जाता है जहां इसे आटा में पीसा जाता है, फिर एक बेकरी में ले जाया जाता है जहां मशीनों और श्रमिकों का उपयोग करके रोटी बनाई जाती है।

तृतीयक क्षेत्र – सेवाएं: - एक परिवहन सेवा दुकानों तक रोटी पहुंचाती है। एक दुकानदार ग्राहकों को रोटी बेचता है। बैंक, बिजली और संचार सेवाएं भी इस प्रक्रिया में मदद करती हैं।

 

Tuesday, May 6, 2025

Chapter - 13 The Value of Work

 Chapter - 13 The Value of Work

"Different Types of Activities"

1. Economic Activities: These are activities done to earn money or livelihood.

Examples:

  • A farmer growing crops
  • A teacher teaching in school
  • A shopkeeper selling goods
  • Key Point: These activities give income.

2. Non-Economic Activities:- These are activities done not for money, but for love, care, or duty.

Examples:

  • A mother cooking food for her family
  • A student helping a friend with homework
  • A person doing charity work
  • Key Point: These activities are not done for earning.

Money's worth:- The monetary value that a person places on an object based on the benefit that they derive from it.

Salary:- A fixed regular payment generaly paid monthly by an employer to an employee.

 Types of Economic Activities

1. Primary Activities

  • These involve using natural resources directly from nature.
  • Examples: Farming, fishing, mining, forestry, cattle rearing.
  • Why it's called "primary": Because it is the first step – taking raw materials from nature.

2. Secondary Activities

  • These involve making things from the raw materials.
  • Examples: Making clothes in a factory, making furniture from wood, making bread from wheat.
  • Why it's "secondary": Because it is the second step – changing raw materials into finished goods.

3. Tertiary Activities

  • These involve providing services instead of goods.
  • Examples: Teachers, doctors, shopkeepers, drivers, bankers.
  • Why it's "tertiary": Because it helps support the primary and secondary activities.
Wages:- A payment made by the employer to the worker for a specific period of time.
Payment in kind:- A non-cash payment that is received for the work performed.
Value addition:- Economic activities also add value at each stage of the process of transforming something into another form.

Example: Wheat to Bread
  • Wheat (Raw Material) → Grown by a farmer
  • Flour (Processed) → Ground in a flour mill
  • Bread (Final Product) → Baked in a bakery
Value is added at each step:
  • Wheat → low value
  • Flour → more useful, more value
  • Bread → ready to eat, highest value
The Importance of Non-Economic Activities:- Non-Economic Activities are the things people do not to earn money, but for love, care, help, or enjoyment.
  • Sewa: selfless service:- 
  • Langars or community kitchens at gurdwaras serve food to every visitor for free.
  • Helping an old person cross the road.
  • A mother cooking food for her family.
This kind of practices foster a sense of satisfaction and gratitude.
Volunteering or helping others without payment improves the community.
Helping friends and family makes bonds stronger.

The strength of community participation:- Community participation means people in a group or neighborhood working together to solve problems or help each other.
Examples:
  • Cleaning the village or streets together.
  • Planting trees as a group (Van Mahotsav).
  • Helping during floods or disasters.
NCERT QUESTIONS:-

Q.1- How are economic activities different from non-economic activities?
Answer.1- 
  • Economic activities are done to earn money, like farming, teaching in a school, or selling goods.
  • Non-economic activities are done for love, care, or enjoyment, like cooking for family, helping a friend, or playing for fun.
Q.2- What kind of economic activities do people engage in? Illustrate with example.
Answer: People engage in different kinds of economic activities to earn money and support their livelihood. These include:

1. Primary Activities:-  Activities that use natural resources. Example: A farmer growing crops or a fisherman catching fish.

2. Secondary Activities:- Activities that involve making products from raw materials. Example: A factory worker making clothes or a carpenter making furniture.

3. Tertiary Activities:- Activities that provide services to others. Example: A teacher teaching students or a doctor treating patients.

Q.3- There is great value attached to people who are engaged in communnity service activities. Comment on this statement.
Answer: Yes, this statement is true. People who take part in community service are respected and valued because they work selflessly to help others and improve society. They clean public places, help during disasters, support the poor, and care for the elderly or sick.

Such people create a positive environment, spread kindness, and teach others the importance of working together. Their efforts make the community stronger, safer, and happier. That is why they are loved, respected, and remembered for their good work.

Q.4- What are the various way in which people are compensated for various economic activities? Give some example.
Answer: People are compensated for economic activities in different ways, depending on the type of work they do. Compensation means the payment or reward they receive for their work.

1. Wages or Salary:- Given to workers or employees for their services. Example: A teacher gets a salary every month. A construction worker gets daily wages.

2. Profits:- Earned by people who run their own businesses. 
Example: A shopkeeper earns profit by selling goods at a higher price.

3. Fees or Charges:- Charged by professionals for their services. Example: A doctor charges a fee for treatment. A lawyer charges for legal advice.

अध्याय - 13 कार्य का मूल्य

"विभिन्न प्रकार की गतिविधियाँ"

1. आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ: ये धन या आजीविका कमाने के लिए की जाने वाली गतिविधियाँ हैं।

उदाहरण:
•फसल उगाने वाला किसान
•स्कूल में पढ़ाने वाला शिक्षक
•सामान बेचने वाला दुकानदार
•मुख्य बिंदु: ये गतिविधियाँ आय देती हैं।

2. गैर-आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ: - ये गतिविधियाँ पैसे के लिए नहीं, बल्कि प्यार, देखभाल या कर्तव्य के लिए की जाती हैं।

उदाहरण:
•एक माँ अपने परिवार के लिए खाना पकाती है
•होमवर्क में दोस्त की मदद करता एक छात्र
•धर्मार्थ कार्य करने वाला व्यक्ति
•मुख्य बिंदु: ये गतिविधियां कमाई के लिए नहीं की जाती हैं।

मुद्रा का मूल्य :- वह मौद्रिक मूल्य जो कोई व्यक्ति किसी वस्तु से प्राप्त होने वाले लाभ के आधार पर उस वस्तु पर रखता है।

वेतन: – एक निश्चित नियमित भुगतान आम तौर पर एक नियोक्ता द्वारा एक कर्मचारी को मासिक भुगतान किया जाता है।

 आर्थिक गतिविधियों के प्रकार

1. प्राथमिक गतिविधियाँ
•इनमें प्रकृति से सीधे प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उपयोग करना शामिल है।
•उदाहरण: खेती, मछली पकड़ना, खनन, वानिकी, मवेशी पालन।
•इसे "प्राथमिक" क्यों कहा जाता है: क्योंकि यह पहला कदम है - प्रकृति से कच्चा माल लेना।

2. माध्यमिक गतिविधियाँ
•इनमें कच्चे माल से चीजें बनाना शामिल है।
•उदाहरण: एक कारखाने में कपड़े बनाना, लकड़ी से फर्नीचर बनाना, गेहूं से रोटी बनाना।
•यह "माध्यमिक" क्यों है: क्योंकि यह दूसरा चरण है - कच्चे माल को तैयार माल में बदलना।

3. तृतीयक क्रियाएँ
•इनमें वस्तुओं के बजाय सेवाएं प्रदान करना शामिल है।
•उदाहरण: शिक्षक, डॉक्टर, दुकानदार, ड्राइवर, बैंकर।
•यह "तृतीयक" क्यों है: क्योंकि यह प्राथमिक और माध्यमिक गतिविधियों का समर्थन करने में मदद करता है।

मजदूरी :- नियोक्ता द्वारा कामगार को एक विशिष् ट समयावधि के लिए किया गया भुगतान।

वस्तु रूप में भुगतान :- ऐसा गैर-नकद भुगतान जो निष्पादित कार्य के लिए प्राप्त किया जाता है।

मूल्यवर्धन:- आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ किसी वस्तु को दूसरे रूप में बदलने की प्रक्रिया के प्रत्येक चरण में मूल्य भी जोड़ती हैं।

उदाहरण: गेहूं से रोटी
•गेहूं (कच्चा माल) एक किसान द्वारा उगाया →
•आटा (संसाधित) → आटा चक्की में जमीन
•ब्रेड (अंतिम उत्पाद) → एक बेकरी में बेक किया हुआ

मान प्रत्येक चरण में जोड़ा जाता है:
•गेहूं → कम कीमत
•आटा अधिक उपयोगी, अधिक मूल्य →
•रोटी खाने के लिए तैयार →, उच्चतम मूल्य

गैर-आर्थिक गतिविधियों का महत्व: - गैर-आर्थिक गतिविधियां ऐसी चीजें हैं जो लोग पैसा कमाने के लिए नहीं करते हैं, बल्कि प्यार, देखभाल, मदद या आनंद के लिए करते हैं।
•सेवा: निस्वार्थ सेवा:- 
•गुरुद्वारों में लंगर या सामुदायिक रसोई हर आगंतुक को मुफ्त में भोजन परोसते हैं।
•एक बूढ़े व्यक्ति को सड़क पार करने में मदद करना।
•एक मां अपने परिवार के लिए खाना बनाती है।

इस तरह की प्रथाएं संतुष्टि और कृतज्ञता की भावना को बढ़ावा देती हैं।

भुगतान के बिना स्वयंसेवा या दूसरों की मदद करने से समुदाय में सुधार होता है।

दोस्तों और परिवार की मदद करने से बंधन मजबूत होता है।

सामुदायिक भागीदारी की ताकत: - सामुदायिक भागीदारी का अर्थ है एक समूह या पड़ोस में लोग समस्याओं को हल करने या एक दूसरे की मदद करने के लिए मिलकर काम करते हैं।

उदाहरण:
•गांव या गलियों की एक साथ सफाई करना।
•एक समूह के रूप में पेड़ लगाना (वन महोत्सव)।
•बाढ़ या आपदाओं के दौरान मदद करना।

एनसीईआरटी प्रश्न:-

1. आर्थिक क्रियाएँ गैर-आर्थिक क्रियाओं से किस प्रकार भिन्न हैं?

उत्तर.1- 
•आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ धन कमाने के लिए की जाती हैं, जैसे खेती, स्कूल में पढ़ाना या सामान बेचना।
•गैर-आर्थिक गतिविधियाँ प्यार, देखभाल या आनंद के लिए की जाती हैं, जैसे परिवार के लिए खाना बनाना, किसी दोस्त की मदद करना या मज़े के लिए खेलना।

2. लोग किस प्रकार की आर्थिक गतिविधियों में संलग्न होते हैं? उदाहरण सहित स्पष्ट कीजिए।

उत्तर: लोग धन कमाने और अपनी आजीविका का समर्थन करने के लिए विभिन्न प्रकार की आर्थिक गतिविधियों में संलग्न होते हैं। इसमे शामिल है:

1. प्राथमिक गतिविधियाँ: - प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का उपयोग करने वाली गतिविधियाँ। उदाहरण: फसल उगाने वाला किसान या मछली पकड़ने वाला मछुआरा।

2. द्वितीयक क्रियाकलाप: - वे गतिविधियाँ जिनमें कच्चे माल से उत्पाद बनाना शामिल है। उदाहरण: कपड़े बनाने वाला एक कारखाना कार्यकर्ता या फर्नीचर बनाने वाला बढ़ई।

3. तृतीयक क्रियाकलाप: - ऐसी गतिविधियाँ जो दूसरों को सेवाएँ प्रदान करती हैं। उदाहरण: छात्रों को पढ़ाने वाला शिक्षक या मरीजों का इलाज करने वाला डॉक्टर।

प्रश्न 3. जो लोग सामुदायिक सेवा गतिविधियों में लगे हुए हैं, उनके साथ बहुत मूल्य जुड़ा हुआ है। " इस कथन पर टिप्पणी कीजिए।

उत्तर: हाँ, यह कथन सत्य है। सामुदायिक सेवा में भाग लेने वाले लोगों का सम्मान और महत्व दिया जाता है क्योंकि वे दूसरों की मदद करने और समाज को बेहतर बनाने के लिए निस्वार्थ भाव से काम करते हैं। वे सार्वजनिक स्थानों को साफ करते हैं, आपदाओं के दौरान मदद करते हैं, गरीबों का समर्थन करते हैं और बुजुर्गों या बीमारों की देखभाल करते हैं।

ऐसे लोग सकारात्मक वातावरण बनाते हैं, दयालुता फैलाते हैं और दूसरों को एक साथ काम करने का महत्व सिखाते हैं। उनके प्रयास समुदाय को मजबूत, सुरक्षित और खुशहाल बनाते हैं। यही कारण है कि उन्हें उनके अच्छे काम के लिए प्यार, सम्मान और याद किया जाता है।

4. वे कौन-कौन से तरीके हैं जिनसे विभिन्न आर्थिक क्रियाकलापों के लिए लोगों को क्षतिपूर्ति की जाती है? कुछ उदाहरण दीजिए।

उत्तर: लोगों को आर्थिक गतिविधियों के लिए अलग-अलग तरीकों से मुआवजा दिया जाता है, जो उनके द्वारा किए जाने वाले काम के प्रकार पर निर्भर करता है। मुआवजे का अर्थ होता है, उनके काम के लिए उन्हें मिलने वाला भुगतान या पुरस्कार।

1. मजदूरी या वेतन: - श्रमिकों या कर्मचारियों को उनकी सेवाओं के लिए दिया जाता है। उदाहरण: एक शिक्षक को हर महीने वेतन मिलता है। एक निर्माण श्रमिक को दैनिक मजदूरी मिलती है।

 2. लाभ: - उन लोगों द्वारा अर्जित किया जाता है जो अपना व्यवसाय चलाते हैं। 

उदाहरण: एक दुकानदार अधिक कीमत पर सामान बेचकर लाभ अर्जित करता है।

 3. शुल्क या शुल्क: - पेशेवरों द्वारा उनकी सेवाओं के लिए शुल्क लिया जाता है। उदाहरण: एक डॉक्टर इलाज के लिए शुल्क लेता है। एक वकील कानूनी सलाह के लिए शुल्क लेता है।

 




Chapter- 12 Grassroots Democracy - Part - 3 Local Government in Urban Areas

 Chapter- 12 Grassroots Democracy - Part - 3 Local Government in Urban Areas

What is Participatory Democracy?

Participatory Democracy means people actively take part in the decision-making of the government — not just by voting, but also by attending meetings, giving opinions, and being involved in local issues.

What is Urban Local Government?

Urban local government manages towns and cities. It looks after things like:

  • Clean roads
  • Street lights
  • Waste management
  • Water supply
  • Public health
Local community direct approach, how their areas are managed or the issues they face.
  • It is a mechanism for citizens living an area to come together and take decisions.
  • They also keep an eye on anything that might go wrong.
  • Organize health check-up camp and campaign against social issues
  • These bodies are also called Municipalities or Municipal Corporations.

Wards:- Cities and town are divided into smallers unit called "wards".

Respponssibility/Function:- 

  • Helping take care of th infrastucture.
  • Maintaing the burial ground.
  • Garbage collection and disposal.
  • Checking the impletation of government schemes.
  • Collecting taxes and fines.
  • Planning for the area's economic and social development. 
Municipal Corporation:- City population above 10 lakhs have a Municipal Corporation (Mahanagar Nigam).
Municipal Council:-  Population between 1 and 10 lakhs, Municipal Council(Nagar Palika).
Nagar Panchayat:- Cities and Town smaller population.

NCERT QUESTIONS:-
Q.1- On your way to school, you and your friends notice that a water pipe is leaking. A lot of water is being wasted on account of the leak. What would you and your friends do in such a situation?
Answer.1- If we saw a leaking water pipe, we would inform an adult and call the local water department to fix it. We might also warn others to stay away. This shows we are responsible citizens who care about saving water.

Q.2- Invite a member of an urban local body near you to your class. Discuss with them their role and responsibilities. Prepare a set of questions to ask them so that the meeting is fruitful.
Answer.2- We will invite a member of the urban local body to our class to learn about their role and responsibilities. To make the meeting useful, we will ask them some questions.

Questions to Ask:
  • What is your role in the local government?
  • How do you solve problems like garbage, water, or roads?
  • How can citizens help you in your work?
  • What challenges do you face?
  • How do you plan and use the budget for the city?

Q.3- Discuss with adult members of your family and neighbourhoos, and make a list of their expectations from the urban local bodies.
Answer.3- After talking to adults in my family and neighbourhood, here are their main expectations:

  • Clean roads and regular garbage collection
  • Proper water supply and drainage
  • Street lights that work
  • Good roads without potholes
  • Parks and public spaces maintained
  • Quick response to complaints
  • Safety and hygiene in markets and public areas

Q.4- Make a list of characteristics of a good urban local body.
Answer:- Characteristics of a Good Urban Local Body:

  • Provides clean water and sanitation
  • Keeps roads and public places clean
  • Repairs street lights and roads quickly
  • Listens to public complaints
  • Uses money honestly and wisely
  • Encourages public participation
  • Plans for future needs of the city

Q.5- What are the similarities and differences between the Panchayati Raj system in rural areas and the urban local bodies?
 Answer:- Similarities and Differences between Panchayati Raj and Urban Local Bodies

Similarities:
  • Both are forms of local self-government.
  • Both have elected members.
  • Work to solve local problems like water, roads, and cleanliness.
Differences:
  • Panchayati Raj is for villages; Urban Local Bodies are for towns and cities.
  • Panchayati Raj has Gram Panchayats; Urban areas have Municipalities or Municipal Corporations.
  • Heads are called Sarpanch (village) and Mayor or Chairperson (city).
अध्याय - 12 जमीनी स्तर पर लोकतंत्र - भाग - 3 शहरी क्षेत्रों में स्थानीय सरकार

भागीदारी लोकतंत्र क्या है?

सहभागी लोकतंत्र का अर्थ है कि लोग सरकार के निर्णय लेने में सक्रिय रूप से भाग लेते हैं - न केवल मतदान करके, बल्कि बैठकों में भाग लेकर, राय देकर और स्थानीय मुद्दों में शामिल होने से भी।

शहरी स्थानीय सरकार क्या है?

शहरी स्थानीय सरकार कस्बों और शहरों का प्रबंधन करती है। यह चीजों की देखभाल करता है जैसे:
•साफ सड़कें
•सड़क की बत्तियाँ
•अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन
•जल आपूर्ति
•सार्वजनिक स्वास्थ्य

स्थानीय समुदाय प्रत्यक्ष दृष्टिकोण, उनके क्षेत्रों का प्रबंधन कैसे किया जाता है या वे किन मुद्दों का सामना करते हैं।
•यह एक क्षेत्र में रहने वाले नागरिकों के लिए एक साथ आने और निर्णय लेने के लिए एक तंत्र है।
•वे किसी भी गलत चीज पर भी नजर रखते हैं।
•स्वास्थ्य जांच शिविर का आयोजन कर सामाजिक समस्याओं के खिलाफ अभियान चलाएं
•इन निकायों को नगर पालिका या नगर निगम भी कहा जाता है।

वार्ड: - शहरों और कस्बों को "वार्ड" नामक छोटी इकाई में विभाजित किया गया है।

जिम्मेदारी/कार्य:- 
•वें बुनियादी ढांचे की देखभाल करने में मदद करना।
•कब्रिस्तान को बनाए रखना।
•कचरा संग्रहण और निपटान।
•सरकारी योजनाओं के कार्यान्वयन की जाँच करना।
•कर और जुर्माना एकत्र करना।
•क्षेत्र के आर्थिक और सामाजिक विकास के लिए योजना। 

नगर निगम: - 10 लाख से ऊपर की आबादी वाले शहर में एक नगर निगम (महानगर निगम) है।

नगर परिषद: - 1 से 10 लाख के बीच की आबादी, नगर परिषद (नगर पालिका)।
नगर पंचायत:- शहर और कस्बे छोटी आबादी।

 एनसीईआरटी प्रश्न:-

प्रश्न 1. विद्यालय जाते समय आप तथा आपके मित्र देखते हैं कि एक जल पाइप का रिसाव हो रहा है। रिसाव के कारण काफी पानी बर्बाद हो रहा है। ऐसी स्थिति में आप और आपके दोस्त क्या करेंगे?

उत्तर.1- अगर हमें पानी का पाइप लीक होता दिखाई देता, तो हम एक वयस्क को सूचित करते थे और इसे ठीक करने के लिए स्थानीय जल विभाग को बुलाते थे। हम दूसरों को दूर रहने की चेतावनी भी दे सकते हैं। इससे पता चलता है कि हम जिम्मेदार नागरिक हैं जो पानी बचाने की परवाह करते हैं।

 

2. अपने समीप के किसी नगरीय स्थानीय निकाय के किसी सदस्य को अपनी कक्षा में आमंत्रित कीजिए। उनके साथ उनकी भूमिका और जिम्मेदारियों पर चर्चा करें। उनसे पूछने के लिए प्रश्नों का एक समूह तैयार करें ताकि सभा फलदायी हो।

उत्तर.2- हम शहरी स्थानीय निकाय के एक सदस्य को उनकी भूमिका और जिम्मेदारियों के बारे में जानने के लिए अपनी कक्षा में आमंत्रित करेंगे। बैठक को उपयोगी बनाने के लिए, हम उनसे कुछ प्रश्न पूछेंगे।

पूछे जाने वाले प्रश्न:
•स्थानीय सरकार में आपकी क्या भूमिका है?
•आप कचरा, पानी या सड़क जैसी समस्याओं को कैसे हल करते हैं?
•नागरिक आपके काम में आपकी मदद कैसे कर सकते हैं?
•आपको किन चुनौतियों का सामना करना पड़ता है?
•आप शहर के लिए बजट की योजना और उपयोग कैसे करते हैं?

3. अपने परिवार के वयस्क सदस्यों तथा पड़ोसियों से चर्चा कीजिए तथा नगरीय स्थानीय निकायों से उनकी अपेक्षाओं की सूची बनाइए।

उत्तर.3- मेरे परिवार और पड़ोस में वयस्कों से बात करने के बाद, यहां उनकी मुख्य अपेक्षाएं हैं:
•स्वच्छ सड़कें और नियमित कचरा संग्रहण
•उचित जल आपूर्ति और जल निकासी
•स्ट्रीट लाइट जो काम करती हैं
•गड्ढों के बिना अच्छी सड़कें
•पार्क और सार्वजनिक स्थानों का रखरखाव
•शिकायतों पर त्वरित प्रतिक्रिया
•बाजारों और सार्वजनिक क्षेत्रों में सुरक्षा और स्वच्छता

4. एक अच्छे नगरीय स्थानीय निकाय की विशेषताओं की सूची बनाइए।

उत्तर:- एक अच्छे शहरी स्थानीय निकाय के लक्षण:
•स्वच्छ पानी और स्वच्छता प्रदान करता है
•सड़कों और सार्वजनिक स्थानों को साफ रखता है
•स्ट्रीट लाइट और सड़कों को जल्दी ठीक करें
•जनता की शिकायतें सुनता है
•ईमानदारी और समझदारी से पैसे का इस्तेमाल करता है
•सार्वजनिक भागीदारी को प्रोत्साहित करता है
•शहर की भविष्य की जरूरतों के लिए योजनाएं

5. ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों की पंचायती राज व्यवस्था और नगरीय स्थानीय निकायों में क्या समानताएँ और भिन्नताएँ हैं?

 उत्तर:- पंचायती राज और शहरी स्थानीय निकायों के बीच समानताएं और अंतर

समानताएं:
•दोनों स्थानीय स्वशासन के रूप हैं।
•दोनों के निर्वाचित सदस्य हैं।
•पानी, सड़क और स्वच्छता जैसी स्थानीय समस्याओं के समाधान के लिए काम करें।

मतभेद:
•पंचायती राज गांवों के लिए है; शहरी स्थानीय निकाय कस्बों और शहरों के लिए हैं।
•पंचायती राज में ग्राम पंचायतें हैं; शहरी क्षेत्रों में नगर पालिकाएं या नगर निगम होते हैं।
•प्रमुखों को सरपंच (गांव) और मेयर या अध्यक्ष (शहर) कहा जाता है।

 

Chapter - 11 Grassroot Democracy - Part - 2 Local Government in Rural Areas

 Chapter - 11 Grassroot Democracy - Part - 2 Local Government in Rural Areas

This chapter explores the key functions of local governments, their responsibilities, and the impact they have on everyday life.

Before moving forward we need to know first.

  • Who takes care of your village roads, street lights, or water supply? 
  • Who decides where a new school or health center should be built? 

In villages across India, these important jobs are done by the local government, which is called the Panchayati Raj System.

The Panchayati Raj System:- The Panchayati Raj is a way for people in villages to take part in running their own local affairs. It brings the government closer to the people, giving them a say in how their village is managed and improved. 

Panchayats play a vital role to addressing :-

  • local issues, 
  • promoting development and 
  • ensuring that the benefits of government schemes reach the grassroots level.

The Three-Tier System of the Panchayati Raj:- The Panchayati Raj System in India works at three levels, just like a ladder with three steps. Each level helps to take care of the people in villages, towns, and districts. Let’s learn about these three levels:

Gram Panchayat (Village Level):-This is the first and smallest level. It works in a village or group of villages. People elect members, and the head is called the Sarpanch. The Gram Panchayat looks after things like clean water, roads, street lights, and keeping the village clean.
  • Gram Panchayats assist by "Panchayat secretary" and "Patwari". 
  • Gram Panchayats perform administrative functions such as call meeting and maintaining records.
  • Patwari maintain the villagers land records.
Child-friendly Panchayat Initiative:-  Did you know that some villages in India are working hard to make life better for children like you? This is called the Child-Friendly Panchayat Initiative.

In this special program, the Gram Panchayat (village government) makes sure that all children in the village are safe, healthy, educated, and happy. It focuses on things that are important for children, such as:
  • Every child goes to school and doesn't drop out
  • Children get clean water, healthy food, and good healthcare
  • There are parks, playgrounds, and safe places to play
  • Child marriage and child labor are stopped
  • Children have a voice in village meetings through Bal Panchayats or children's groups
Panchayat Samiti (Block Level):-This is the second level. It works for a group of villages that form a block or tehsil. It helps the Gram Panchayats and plans bigger development work like building schools, hospitals, and roads that connect many villages.

Zila Parishad (District Level):- This is the top level. It works at the district level and looks after the work of all the Panchayat Samitis in the district. It makes big plans for the whole district and gets money from the state government to help villages grow.

NCERT QUESTIONS:-
Q.1- Name the treee tiers of the Panchayati Raj system? What are the key functions of each of the three tiers?
Answer:- The three tiers (levels) of the Panchayati Raj system are:
Gram Panchayat (Village Level)
  • Works in one village or a group of villages.
  • Looks after clean water, roads, drainage, street lights, and cleanliness.
  • Solves small local problems and helps in village development.
Panchayat Samiti (Block or Tehsil Level)
  • Works for a group of villages in a block.
  • Plans and supports bigger development projects like health centers, schools, and farming help.
  • Guides and supports Gram Panchayats.
Zila Parishad (District Level)
  • Works at the district level (a large area with many blocks).
  • Makes development plans for the whole district.
  • Coordinates the work of all Panchayat Samitis and connects with the state government.
Q.2- Write a letter to the sarpanch regarding the issue of plastic bags lying on the roadside in the village.
Answer:- To
The Sarpanch
Gram Panchayat
[Your Village Name]
[Date]
Subject: Request to take action on plastic bags lying on the roadside

Respected Sarpanch Ji,

I am a student of Class 6 and a resident of our village. I am writing this letter to bring to your attention the problem of plastic bags lying on the roadside in many parts of the village.

These plastic bags are not only making our village look dirty, but they are also harmful to animals and the environment. Sometimes cows and other animals eat them by mistake, which is very dangerous for their health.

I kindly request you to take action by organizing a cleanliness drive and spreading awareness among villagers to stop using plastic bags. Dustbins can also be placed at different places in the village.

Thank you for your attention to this important issue.

Yours sincerely,
[Your Name]
Class 6 Student
[Your School Name]

Q.3- In your view, what type of person should be a gram panchayat member?
Answer:- In my view, a Gram Panchayat member should be a kind, honest, and hardworking person. They should:
  • Care about the people in the village
  • Listen to everyone’s problems and try to solve them
  • Be fair and not take sides
  • Work to improve the village – like schools, roads, water, and cleanliness
  • Be educated enough to understand rules and make good decisions
  • Always think about what is best for the village, not just for themselves.
अध्याय - 11 जमीनी स्तर पर लोकतंत्र - भाग - 2 ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में स्थानीय सरकार

यह अध्याय स्थानीय सरकारों के प्रमुख कार्यों, उनकी जिम्मेदारियों और रोजमर्रा की जिंदगी पर उनके प्रभाव की पड़ताल करता है।

आगे बढ़ने से पहले हमें पहले जानना होगा।
•आपके गांव की सड़कों, स्ट्रीट लाइट या पानी की आपूर्ति की देखभाल कौन करता है? 
•कौन तय करता है कि एक नया स्कूल या स्वास्थ्य केंद्र कहां बनाया जाना चाहिए? 

भारत भर के गांवों में, ये महत्वपूर्ण कार्य स्थानीय सरकार द्वारा किए जाते हैं, जिसे पंचायती राज प्रणाली कहा जाता है।

पंचायती राज प्रणाली: - पंचायती राज गांवों में लोगों के लिए अपने स्थानीय मामलों को चलाने में भाग लेने का एक तरीका है। यह सरकार को लोगों के करीब लाता है, उन्हें यह बताता है कि उनके गांव का प्रबंधन और सुधार कैसे किया जाता है। 

पंचायतों को संबोधित करने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं: -
•स्थानीय मुद्दे, 
•विकास को बढ़ावा देना और 
•यह सुनिश्चित करना कि सरकारी योजनाओं का लाभ जमीनी स्तर तक पहुंचे।

पंचायती राज की त्रिस्तरीय प्रणाली: - भारत में पंचायती राज प्रणाली तीन स्तरों पर काम करती है, ठीक तीन चरणों के साथ एक सीढ़ी की तरह। प्रत्येक स्तर गांवों, कस्बों और जिलों में लोगों की देखभाल करने में मदद करता है। आइए जानें इन तीनों स्तरों के बारे में:

ग्राम पंचायत (ग्राम स्तर) :- यह पहला और सबसे छोटा स्तर है। यह एक गांव या गांवों के समूह में काम करता है। लोग सदस्यों का चुनाव करते हैं, और मुखिया को सरपंच कहा जाता है। ग्राम पंचायत साफ पानी, सड़क, स्ट्रीट लाइट और गांव को साफ रखने जैसी चीजों की देखभाल करती है।
•ग्राम पंचायतें पंचायत सचिव व पटवारी की सहायता करती हैं। 
•ग्राम पंचायतें प्रशासनिक कार्य करती हैं जैसे कॉल मीटिंग और रिकॉर्ड बनाए रखना।
•पटवारी ग्रामीणों के भू-अभिलेखों का रखरखाव करते हैं।
बाल अनुकूल पंचायत पहल:  - क्या आप जानते हैं कि भारत में कुछ गांव आपके जैसे बच्चों के लिए जीवन बेहतर बनाने के लिए कड़ी मेहनत कर रहे हैं? इसे चाइल्ड-फ्रेंडली पंचायत इनिशिएटिव कहा जाता है।

इस विशेष कार्यक्रम में, ग्राम पंचायत (ग्राम सरकार) यह सुनिश्चित करती है कि गांव के सभी बच्चे सुरक्षित, स्वस्थ, शिक्षित और खुश हों। यह उन चीजों पर केंद्रित है जो बच्चों के लिए महत्वपूर्ण हैं, जैसे:
•हर बच्चा स्कूल जाता है और पढ़ाई नहीं छोड़ता
•बच्चों को मिलता है साफ पानी, हेल्दी खाना और अच्छी स्वास्थ्य सेवा
•पार्क, खेल के मैदान और खेलने के लिए सुरक्षित स्थान हैं
•बाल विवाह और बाल मजदूरी पर रोक
•बाल पंचायतों या बाल समूहों के माध्यम से गांव की बैठकों में बच्चों की आवाज होती है

पंचायत समिति (ब्लॉक स्तर):- यह दूसरा स्तर है। यह गांवों के एक समूह के लिए काम करता है जो एक ब्लॉक या तहसील बनाते हैं। यह ग्राम पंचायतों की मदद करता है और स्कूलों, अस्पतालों और सड़कों के निर्माण जैसे बड़े विकास कार्यों की योजना बनाता है जो कई गांवों को जोड़ते हैं।

जिला परिषद (जिला स्तर): - यह शीर्ष स्तर है। यह जिला स्तर पर काम करता है और जिले में सभी पंचायत समितियों के काम की देखभाल करता है। यह पूरे जिले के लिए बड़ी योजनाएं बनाता है और गांवों को विकसित करने में मदद करने के लिए राज्य सरकार से धन प्राप्त करता है।


एनसीईआरटी प्रश्न:-

1. पंचायती राज व्यवस्था के वृक्ष स्तरों के नाम लिखिए? तीन स्तरों में से प्रत्येक के प्रमुख कार्य क्या हैं?

उत्तर:- पंचायती राज व्यवस्था के तीन स्तर (स्तर) हैं:

ग्राम पंचायत (ग्राम स्तर)
•एक गांव या गांवों के समूह में काम करता है।
•साफ पानी, सड़कों, जल निकासी, स्ट्रीट लाइट और सफाई की देखभाल करता है।
•छोटी-छोटी स्थानीय समस्याओं का समाधान करता है और गांव के विकास में मदद करता है।

पंचायत समिति (ब्लॉक या तहसील स्तर)
•एक ब्लॉक में गांवों के एक समूह के लिए काम करता है।
•स्वास्थ्य केंद्रों, स्कूलों और खेती की मदद जैसी बड़ी विकास परियोजनाओं की योजना और समर्थन करता है।
•ग्राम पंचायतों का मार्गदर्शन और समर्थन करता है।

जिला परिषद (जिला स्तर)
•जिला स्तर पर काम करता है (कई ब्लॉकों के साथ एक बड़ा क्षेत्र)।
•पूरे जिले के लिए विकास योजनाएं बनाता है।
•सभी पंचायत समितियों के कार्यों का समन्वय कर राज्य सरकार से जुड़ता है।

प्रश्न 2- गांव में सड़क किनारे पड़े प्लास्टिक बैग के मुद्दे के संबंध में सरपंच को पत्र लिखें।

उत्तर:- से

सरपंच

ग्राम पंचायत

[आपके गांव का नाम]

[तारीख]

विषय: सड़क किनारे पड़े प्लास्टिक बैग पर कार्रवाई का अनुरोध

आदरणीय सरपंच जी,

 मैं कक्षा 6 का छात्र हूं और हमारे गांव का निवासी हूं। गांव के कई हिस्सों में सड़क किनारे प्लास्टिक के थैलों की समस्या की ओर आपका ध्यान आकर्षित करने के लिए मैं यह पत्र लिख रहा हूं।

ये प्लास्टिक बैग न केवल हमारे गांव को गंदा दिखा रहे हैं, बल्कि ये जानवरों और पर्यावरण के लिए भी हानिकारक हैं। कई बार गाय और अन्य जानवर इन्हें गलती से खा जाते हैं, जो उनकी सेहत के लिए काफी खतरनाक होता है।

मैं आपसे अनुरोध करता हूं कि सफाई अभियान चलाकर कार्रवाई करें और ग्रामीणों में प्लास्टिक की थैलियों का उपयोग बंद करने के लिए जागरूकता फैलाएं। गांव में अलग-अलग जगहों पर डस्टबिन भी लगाए जा सकते हैं।

इस महत्वपूर्ण मुद्दे पर आपका ध्यान देने के लिए धन्यवाद।

 भवदीय,

[आपका नाम]

कक्षा 6 के छात्र

[आपके स्कूल का नाम]

 प्रश्न 3- आपके विचार में, ग्राम पंचायत सदस्य किस प्रकार का व्यक्ति होना चाहिए?

उत्तर:- मेरे विचार से ग्राम पंचायत सदस्य दयालु, ईमानदार और मेहनती व्यक्ति होना चाहिए। उन्हें चाहिए:
•गांव के लोगों की परवाह
•हर किसी की समस्याओं को सुनें और उन्हें हल करने का प्रयास करें
•निष्पक्ष रहें और पक्ष न लें
•गांव को बेहतर बनाने के लिए काम - जैसे स्कूल, सड़क, पानी और स्वच्छता
•नियमों को समझने और अच्छे निर्णय लेने के लिए पर्याप्त शिक्षित बनें
•हमेशा इस बारे में सोचें कि गांव के लिए सबसे अच्छा क्या है, न कि केवल अपने लिए

Monday, May 5, 2025

Chapter - 10, Grassroots Democracy - Part 1 Governance

Chapter - 10,  Grassroots Democracy - Part 1 Governance

When a large number of people live together, there can be disagreement and disorder, and rules become necessary to maintain order and harmony in the society.

Governance:- It means the way a country, organization, or group is managed and how decisions are made to take care of people and solve problems. It includes making rules, following laws, and making sure everyone is treated fairly.

Government:- Government is the group of people who run a country. It makes laws, protects the people, and provides services like schools, hospitals, and roads.

Three Organs of the Government:

Legislature

– This part makes the laws.

– Example: Parliament in India.

Executive

– This part implements (carries out) the laws.

– It includes the President, Prime Minister, and government officials.

Judiciary

– This part interprets the laws and gives justice.

– Example: The courts and judges.

Separation of powers:- In any good systme of governance, these three organs muct be kept spearate, altoough they interact with each other and work together. 

These three organs work together to run the country smoothly and fairly.

Three Levels of Government:

Central Government

– It governs the whole country.

– Example: The Prime Minister, President, and Parliament.

– Located in New Delhi.

State Government

– It runs each state in the country.

– Example: Chief Minister, Governor, and State Legislature.

Local Government

– It works in towns, cities, and villages.

– Example: Municipal Corporations (in cities) and Gram Panchayats (in villages).

Each level of government has different responsibilities to help the people in their area.


Functions and Responsibility of the Three Levels of Government:

Central Government (National Level)

  • Makes national laws: It creates laws that affect the whole country.
  • Defense and security: Ensures the safety of the country from threats.
  • Foreign relations: Deals with other countries and creates foreign policies.
  • Economic planning: Manages the country’s money, taxes, and economy.
  • National infrastructure: Builds large-scale projects like highways, railways, etc.

State Government (State Level)

  • Makes state laws: It makes laws for the state (like education and health).
  • Maintains law and order: The police and state security work here.
  • Provides services: Manages schools, hospitals, and other local services.
  • Agriculture and industry: Looks after farming, industries, and business within the state.

Local Government (Village, Town, and City Level)

  • Local infrastructure: Manages things like local roads, parks, and water supply.
  • Basic services: Provides garbage collection, street lighting, and other local needs.
  • Local laws and rules: Deals with issues related to the local area, like building rules.
  • Helps with local planning: Decides how the town or village should grow (e.g., building new homes, schools).
Democracy

Where the word "Democracy" comes from:
  • The word "democracy" comes from two Greek words:
  • Demos (meaning "people")
  • Kratos (meaning "power" or "rule")
  • So, democracy literally means "rule by the people".

Democracy is a system of government where people have the power to make decisions about their leaders and laws. In a democracy, citizens vote to choose their leaders and have a say in how the government works.

Representatives in Democracy:- In a democracy, representatives are people chosen by the citizens to make decisions and create laws on their behalf. They represent the interests and needs of the people who elect them.
"Members of Legislatice Assembly" (MLA):- State Level.
"Member of Parliament" (MP):- Centre/National Level.

India is world largest democracy.
970 million voters in 2024.

Direct Democracy:- In direct democracy, the people make the decisions themselves, without relying on elected representatives. Every citizen has the opportunity to vote on laws, policies, or important issues directly. It’s a system where everyone has a say in what happens in the government.

Key Features:
  • People vote directly on laws and policies.
  • There is no need for elected representatives to make decisions for them.
  • Examples of direct democracy include referendums or plebiscites, where citizens vote on specific issues or laws.
Grassroots Democracy:- Grassroots democracy focuses on local-level involvement, where people at the community or local level make decisions and play an active role in the government. It emphasizes the importance of people participating in decision-making processes that affect their immediate environment.

Key Features:
  • People at the local level (villages, towns, neighborhoods) get involved in decision-making.
  • It encourages active participation of the public in their communities and local governments.
  • It is often seen in community-driven programs, local Panchayats (in India), and other local councils.
NCERT QUESTIONS:
1. What is the meaning of democracy? What is the difference between direct democracy and representative democracy?
Answer:- Democracy is a system of government where people have the power to make decisions about their leaders and laws, either directly or by choosing representatives. It means "rule by the people".

Difference Between Direct Democracy and Representative Democracy:
Direct Democracy:
  • People vote directly on laws and policies.
  • There are no representatives involved.
  • Example: Switzerland, where citizens vote on specific issues.
Representative Democracy:
  • People elect representatives to make decisions and create laws on their behalf.
  • Representatives are chosen to speak and act for the people.
  • Example: India, where people elect MPs and MLAs.
2. Recall the three organs of government. What are their different roles?
Answer:- Three Organs of Government and Their Roles:
Legislature (Law-making)
  • Role: The Legislature makes the laws of the country. It discusses and passes laws that affect citizens.
  • Example: In India, this is the Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha).
Executive (Law-implementing)
  • Role: The Executive implements or enforces the laws made by the Legislature. It runs the government, makes policies, and handles day-to-day administration.
  • Example: The President, Prime Minister, and Council of Ministers in India.
Judiciary (Law-interpreting)
  • Role: The Judiciary interprets and applies the laws. It ensures that laws are followed fairly and provides justice through courts.
  • Example: The Supreme Court and other courts in India.
3. Why do we need three tiers of government?
Answer:- We need three tiers (levels) of government to govern a large and diverse country like India effectively. These levels help in sharing responsibilities and making sure that the needs of people at every level—national, state, and local.

The Three Tiers of Government:
  1. Central Government – for the entire country
  2. State Government – for individual states
  3. Local Government – for towns, cities, and villages


Chapter - 9 Family and Community

Chapter - 9 Family and Community

What is family?

The family is the fundamental and most ancient unit of any society.

Types of Family:- In Indian society today, there are several types of family.

1. Joint Family:- A joint family has several generations living together--------grandparents, parents, uncles and aunts, brother, sister and cousins. 

2. Nuclear Family:- In this family have limited member, couple and their children and sometimes one parents and children. 

In India we have many terms to describe for family like Chacha, Chachi, Tau, Tai etc.

Role and Responsibilities

  • Relationships among family members are based on love, care, cooperation and interdependence. 
  • Each member of the family has role and responsibility towards the members.
  • Ex:- Parents have responsibility to raise their children. make them happy and responsible members of the society.
  • As children grow up they take on responsibility.
  • Through daily practice, children learn to participate in the life of the household. 
  • Children also learn some traditions and practices from their family.
  • The family also a school where childre learn important values such as ahimsa, dana (giving), seva (service) and tyaga (sacrifice).  
  • Individuals in the family often give up their own needs to take care of the family's needs.
Community:-  A community is a group of people living in the same area or having a particular characteristic in common, who work together and help one another.

Members of a community come together for various reasons:
They celebrate festival together and organise feast, and wedding etc.
Inn villages they support each other in in agricultural practices.
Tribal commuity also shared natural wealth and resources with each others.
In today's society we may called such practices 'rule'.
It means that everyone have specific duty towards community to perform.

NCERT QUESTIONS

1. What are some of the rules you follow in your family and neighbourhood? Why are they important?
Answer:- Rules I Follow in My Family and Neighbourhood:
  • Respecting elders – I always speak politely and listen to my parents and grandparents.
  • Helping with chores – I help clean my room and keep the house tidy.
  • Not littering – I throw garbage in the dustbin and keep the surroundings clean.
  • Following traffic rules – I cross the road only at zebra crossings and wait for the signal.
  • Being kind to neighbours – I greet them and help them when needed.
These rules help us:
  • Live peacefully and happily with others.
  • Keep our home and area clean and safe.
  • Show care, respect, and responsibility.
  • Build a better and more helpful community.
2. Do you think some rules are unfair to a few people in the family or community? Why?
Answer:- Yes, sometimes some rules can be unfair to certain people in a family or community.
Example and Reason:
  • In some families, only girls are asked to do household work, while boys are not. This is unfair because everyone should share responsibilities equally.
  • In a community, if only a few people are expected to clean public spaces, while others don’t help, it’s also unfair.
Why This Happens:
  • These rules may come from old traditions or beliefs.
  • People may not realize that they are treating others unequally.
Why It Should Change:
  • Everyone should be treated equally and respectfully.
  • Fair rules help everyone feel valued and happy.

3. Describe several situations that you have observed where communnity support makes a difference.
Answer:- Situations Where Community Support Makes a Difference:
During a Flood or Fire
When a house in our area was flooded, neighbours came together to help. They gave food, clothes, and shelter to the affected family. It made a big difference in their recovery.

Cleaning the Neighbourhood
People in my community joined hands to clean the local park. It became clean and beautiful again, and everyone enjoyed it more.

Sunday, May 4, 2025

Chapter - 8 Unity in Diversity / Many in the One

Chapter - 8 Unity in Diversity / Many in the One

India is a land of great diversity. People in different parts of the country have different religions, languages, clothing styles, festivals, and food habits. Yet, despite these differences, there is a strong feeling of togetherness among the people. This idea is called "Unity in Diversity."

Meaning of Unity in Diversity:

  • "Unity" means being one or together.
  • "Diversity" means having many different types or forms.
  • So, "Unity in Diversity" means that people who are different in many ways still live together in peace and harmony.
Food For All
  • South Indian food is different from North Indian food.
  • Some people eat rice, barely as a staple, others eat wheat or maize.
Textiles and Clothing

  • People in different states wear different clothes and they developed its own styles of clothing and dress.
  • For example, sarees are worn differently in Gujarat and Bengal. Men wear dhotis, lungis, or pants based on region.
  • Relief:- A design that stands out from the surface of a panel (which may be of stone, wood, ceramic or another material).
Festival Galore
In India some common festival celebrated almost same time. ex:- Makara Sankaranti, which beginning of the harvest season but another region, same festival known as different names and it celebrated around 14 January.

An Epic Spread:-  Literature offers us another fine illustration of unity in diversity. Indian literatures are extremely diverse.
Epic:- A long poem generally narrating the adventures of heroes and other great figures of the past.
Example:-  
  • The Panchatantra is one of the oldest collections of fables and moral stories in the world. 
  • It uses animals as characters to teach life lessons about wisdom, friendship, leadership, strategy, and human behavior. 
  • The name Panchatantra means "Five Treatises (or Principles)" in Sanskrit.
  • It is 2,200 years old and It was originally written in Sanskrit.
The Two Great Epics of India: Ramayana & Mahabharata

These two Epic have been translated or adapted into regional literatures in India.
Many communities have their own versions of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.
The Bhils, the Gonds, and the Mundas and many more communities preserved and connecting their own history with these epics. 

K. S. Singh’s Anthropological Perspective:- He observed different communities have adopted and adapted stories from the Mahabharata, infusing them with local meanings and contexts. 

NCERT QUESTIONS
Q.1 - Read the National Anthem and uts translation in the preliminary pages of this textbook. Where do see diversity? And where the unity?
Answer.1- Where Do We See Diversity?
  • The anthem mentions different regions of India:
  • Punjab, Sindh, Gujarat, Maratha, Dravida (South India), Utkala (Odisha), Banga (Bengal) — showing how people from various parts of the country are included.
  • It reflects linguistic and cultural variety — each region mentioned has its own language, culture, festivals, clothing, and food.
  • Geographical diversity is also seen: from the Himalayas in the north to the shores of the Bay of Bengal in the east.
Where Do We See Unity?
  • All these diverse regions are described as being united under the same motherland, India.
  • The people are united by their love, devotion, and pride for the nation.
  • The anthem praises the common spirit of India — where people, though different, share a collective identity as Indians.
  • The repeated phrase "Jaya he" (Victory to thee) is a unifying chant celebrating one nation.
Q.2- Select a few stories from the Panchatantra and discuss how their message is still valid today. Do you know of any similar stories from your region?
Answer.2- The Panchatantra is a collection of ancient Indian fables, yet its messages are still relevant in today's world. These stories, though told with animals as characters, teach us about human nature, intelligence, and moral values that remain universal and timeless.
  • The Monkey and the Crocodile.
  • The Tortoise and the Geese
  • The Blue Jackal. 
Q.3- Collect a few folk tales from your region and discuss their message.
Answer.3- Folk tales are traditional stories passed down through generations. They reflect the culture, wisdom, and values of local people. In my region (for example: West Bengal), several folk tales are still told today. 
The Snake and the Farmer
Story: A farmer rescues a snake who later tries to bite him. When questioned, the snake argues it’s its nature to bite. Eventually, wisdom wins as a judge tricks the snake back into captivity.
Message: One must be careful whom they trust — not everyone repays kindness with kindness.

Q.4- Is there any ancient story that you have seen being depicted through a form of art? It could be a sculpture, a painting, a dance performance, a movie.
Answer.4- Yes, the story of Ramayana is often depicted through the classical dance form Kathakali in Kerala. The expressive movements, costumes, and music beautifully bring scenes like Sita’s abduction or Rama’s battle with Ravana to life. This shows how ancient stories continue to live through art.

Chapter - 7 India’s Cultural Roots

Chapter - 7 India’s Cultural Roots 

India has one of the oldest and richest cultures in the world. Its roots go back thousands of years and are shaped by history, religion, languages, festivals, and traditions.


What are the vedas? :- The Vedas are the oldest and most sacred books of Hinduism. The word “Veda” means “knowledge” in Sanskrit.

  • They are a collection of religious texts written in Sanskrit.
  • They were composed over 3,000 years ago.
  • The Vedas contain hymns, chants, prayers, and rituals used in ancient Indian life.

The Four Vedas:

  • Rigveda – The oldest Veda; it has hymns praising nature and gods like Agni (fire) and Indra (rain).
  • Samaveda – Has musical chants used during worship.
  • Yajurveda – Contains rules and rituals for religious ceremonies.
  • Atharvaveda – Has magical spells and everyday prayers for health, peace, and protection.
Who composed vedic hymns:- Rishis (male seers or sages) and Rishikas (female ones) composed in Sanskrit language.
  • They were addressed so many deities(god or goddesses):- Indra, Agni, Varuna, Mitra, Saraswati, Ushas, etc.
  • These deities sustained ritam, or truth and order in human life and in the 'cosmos'.
  • The last mantras (verses) of the Rigveda also call unity among people.
Vedic Society
  • Early vedic society was organised in different janas or 'clans'.
  • Rigveda alone lists over 30 such janas. Bharatas, purus, Kurus, Yadus, Turvashas  eacch class has particular region northwest part of the subcontinent.
  • Sabha and Samiti both words refers to a collective gathering or assembly.
Vedic schools of thought
  • Vedic culture also developed many rituals(Yajana or yagya).
  • Upanishads:- A group of text. another concept introduced such as rebirth and karma.
  • Upanishads also introduce the concept of atman or self -  the divine essence that resides i n every being but in this world is connected one with 'Brahman'.
  • Common prayer:- sarve bhavantu sukhinah
  • Vedanta:-  According to this, school of thought,  human life, nature and universe is one divine essence called brahman.
  • Except vedas other school of thought grew, it was 'Yoga'
Buddhism:-  Buddhism is a religion and way of life that started in India over 2,500 years ago. It was founded by a prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who later became known as the Buddha, which means “The Enlightened One.”
  • Siddhartha Gautama was born in Lumbini, in present-day Nepal, around 2,500 years ago.
  • He was a prince and lived a life of luxury, but after seeing the suffering of people (old age, sickness, and death), he decided to seek the truth of life and how to overcome suffering.
  • He meditated under a tree for many days and found the answers to end suffering. That’s when he became the Buddha.
Buddhism's Core Beliefs
Non-violence (Ahimsa): Buddhists believe in being kind to all living beings.

Buddha Founded:- 
  • The Buddha founded the Sangha, a community of bhikshu or monks. (bhikshuna or nuns) 
  • They all spread the teaching of Buddha.
Jainism:- Jainism is one of the oldest religions of India. It teaches people to live a life of non-violence, truth, and peace.
  • Jainism was founded by Lord Mahavira.
  • He was born over 2,500 years ago in Bihar, India.
  • Mahavira was a prince, but At the age of 30 he gave up his royal life to find truth and inner peace.
  • He became the 24th Tirthankara (spiritual teacher) of Jainism.
Main Teachings of Jainism:- Jainism is based on three main principles:
  • Ahimsa (Non-violence) – Never harm any living being, even the smallest insect.
  • Satya (Truth) – Always speak the truth.
  • Aparigraha (Non-attachment) – Don’t be greedy or too attached to material things.
Disciple of Buddh and Jainism, monk or nuns began to travelling across the land and spread the teaching of Buddhisma and Jainism

Other school of thought:- 
  • 'Charvaka' and 'Lokayata' belieced that, material world is the only thing that exist, and therefore there can be no life after death.
  • these school does not seem to have gained much popularity.
Folk and Tribal Roots:-
  • Many text were availabe in 'Oral' form.
  • It is transmitted by common people, and tribal traditions transmitted by tribes.
  • There has been a constant interaction between follk and tribal tradition.
NCERT QUESTIONS

Q.1- If you were Nachikeat, what questions would you like to ask Yama? Write them down in 100-150 words.
Answer:- If I were Nachiketa, standing before Yama, the god of death, I would ask deep and thoughtful questions about life and beyond. I would ask:

“Why do people fear death? What truly happens after we die? Is the soul eternal, and how can it be free from the cycle of birth and death? What is the meaning of a good life? How can one live without hatred or greed? Is there a way to find peace even while living in this world of change and sorrow? Can knowledge and truth lead us to freedom? What is the path to real happiness — not just for a moment, but forever?”

These questions would help me understand not just death, but also how to live wisely. Like Nachiketa, I would seek truth, peace, and the way to eternal knowledge.

Q.2- Explain a few central ideas of Buddhism. Briefly comment upon them.
Answer.2- 1. The Four Noble Truths
What they are:

1. Life has suffering (dukkha).
  • Suffering is caused by desires and attachments.
  • We can end suffering.
  • There is a path to end suffering.
  • These truths help us understand that pain is part of life, but we can overcome it by living wisely and letting go of selfish desires.
2. The Eightfold Path:- 
A path with 8 steps to live a good life, like right speech, right action, right thought, and right effort.
It teaches us to be kind, honest, and thoughtful in everything we do.

3. Karma and Rebirth:- Good actions lead to good results, and bad actions lead to suffering. After death, the soul is reborn.
This idea teaches us to be responsible for our actions and live a good, moral life.

Q.3- Discuss in class the quotation of the Buddha which begins with "Not by water is one made pure, though many people may bathe here (In sacred rivers)" to make sure that its meaning has been understood by all.
Answer.3-  This quote means that just bathing in holy rivers or doing religious rituals does not make a person truly pure or good. True purity comes from having honest thoughts, kind behavior, and a clean heart.
Many people believe that washing in sacred rivers removes their sins. But Buddha says that real purity is not from outside — it comes from within. Being truthful, kind, and helpful is more important than just following rituals.

Q.4- Explain a few central ideas of Jainism. Briefly comment upon them.
Answer.4- 
1. Ahimsa (Non-violence):- Never harm any living being — not even an insect.
2. Satya (Truthfulness):-  Always speak the truth.
3. Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness):- Do not be greedy or overly attached to material things.
4. Karma and Moksha:- Good or bad actions bring results (karma), and the goal is to be free from the cycle of birth.

Q.6- Make a list of popular gods and goddesses in your region and the festivals they are associated with.
Answer.6- 
Lord Ganesha –
Festival: Ganesh Chaturthi
Known for: Removing obstacles and bringing good luck.

Goddess Durga –
Festival: Durga Puja / Navratri / Dussehra
Known for: Power, protection, and destroying evil.

Lord Rama –
Festival: Ram Navami and Dussehra
Known for: Truthfulness and being an ideal king.

Lord Krishna –
Festival: Janmashtami
Known for: Love, wisdom, and playfulness.

Goddess Lakshmi –
Festival: Diwali
Known for: Wealth, fortune, and prosperity.

Lord Shiva –
Festival: Maha Shivaratri
Known for: Destruction of evil and meditation.

Goddess Saraswati –
Festival: Vasant Pancham

TRUE/FALSE
  1. The Vedic hymns were written on palm-leaf manuscripts.
  2. The Vedas are India's oldest text.
  3. The Vedic statement ekam sat vipra bahudha vadanti reflects a belief in the unity of cosmic power.
  4. Buddhism is older than the Vedas.
  5. Jainism emerged as a branch of Buddhism.
  6. Both Buddhism and Jainism advocated gor peaceful coexistence and the avoidance of harm to all living beings.
  7. Tribal belief system are limited to belief in spirits and minor deities.

Answers:- (1 - True) (2 - True)  (3- True)  (4 - False)  (5 - False)  (6 - True)  (7 - False)  





Saturday, May 3, 2025

Chapter-6, The Beginnings of Indian Civilisaton

 Chapter-6, The Beginnings of Indian Civilisaton

What is a Civilisation?:- It define as a when human group settling down, practising agriculture, developing some technologies (such as construction, metallurgy, transport and moving towards 'civilisation'.

Metallurgy:- Includes the techniques of extracting metal from nature, purifying or combiningthem, as well as the scientific study of metals and their properties.

A civilisation is a complex human society that is typically characterized by:

  • Urban development – cities or towns with organized structures and infrastructure.
  • Social hierarchy – a system of ranks or classes, often including leadership, specialized jobs, and inequality.
  • Government and laws – organized political and legal systems to manage order and conflict.
  • Writing and record-keeping – a form of written language for communication, administration, and cultural transmission.
  • Culture and religion – shared beliefs, art, architecture, rituals, and sometimes organized religions.
  • Economic systems – trade, agriculture, currency, and labor divisions that support society.
  • Technological advancement – tools, techniques, and innovations that improve living and productivity.
Different civilisation began in different part of the world at Different period of time :

4000 BCE - Mesopotamia (Modern Iraq and Syria)
3000 BCE - Egyptian Civilisation 
2000 BCE - Indus-Sarasvati Civilisation

From Village to City:-  Village--------Town---------Cities 
  • The vast plains of the Punjab (India and Pakistan), Rajasthan and Gujrat was fertile.
  • Villages which settled bank of the river grew into towns. (Indus, Sarasvati)
  • With increasing trade and other exchanges, those town further grew into cities.
  • This transition happened around 2600 BCE.
  • Archaeologists gave different name of this Civilisation:- 'Indus', 'Harappan', Indus-Sarasvati
  • Its inhabitants are called 'Harappans'.(One of the oldest civilisations in the world.)
  • This development is also called the "First Urbanisation".
Town-Planning
First two cities of this Civilisation:- Harapa and Mohenjo-daro now in Pakistan. Identify in  1924.
Major Cities                                                    Region/Modern State
Dholvira                                                          Gujrat
Rakhigarhi                                                       Haryana
Ganweriwala                                                   Cholistan desert in Pakistan
Lothal                                                              Gujrat
Farmana                                                           Haryana
Kalibangan                                                       Rajasthan
Bhirrana and Banawali                                     Haryana

Harappan City Layout and Urban Planning:- Harappan cities were meticulously planned with a grid-like street system, featuring roads that intersected at right angles. This organized layout included two primary sections.
  • Upper Town: Where the local elite probably lived.
  • Lower Town: This area where common people lived.
Public Infrastructure:- Harappan cities featured impressive public structures:
  • Great Bath: A large, well-constructed public bathing area, possibly used for ritualistic purposes.
  • Granaries: Massive storage facilities for surplus grain, indicating organized agricultural practices.
  • Individual houses of various sizes.
Residential differences:- Larger homes with multiple rooms, private wells, and advanced drainage indicate higher-status occupants.

Water management in Harappa:
  • Separate area for bathing in their homes.
  • Importance to water management and cleanliness.
  • The Harappans developed a network of covered drains running along main streets.
  • Mohenjo-daro drew water from hundreds of wells and tanks.
  • Human made reserviors.
  • At Dholavira has six large reservoirs it connected with underground drains for efficient water harvesting and distribution.
What did the Harappans Eat?

Food Group                                                             Examples
Grains & cereals                                                     Wheat, barley, millet, rice
Vegetables                                                              Onion, cucumber, lentils, peas
Fruits                                                                      Dates, figs, berries
Animal products                                                       Milk, meat, eggs
Seafood                                                                       Fish, shellfish
Wild foods                                                               Game meat, honey, wild fruits

A Brisk Trade:-
  • The Harappan were engaged in active trade.
  • They exported ornaments, timber, some daily uses objects.
  • Harappan craftspeople developed special techniques.
  • They used land routes and rivers and the sea.
The End or a New Beginning?
Around1900 BCE, this Sindhu-Saraswati civilization, began to fall. There were many reason to fall.
  • Warfare or Invasions.
  • Climatic changes
  • Sarasvati river dried up in central basin.
NCERT QUESTIONS

Q.1 - Why does the civilisation studied in this chapter have several names? Discuss their significance.
Answer:- The civilisation studied in this chapter is known by several names because of the different aspects of its discovery, geography, and culture. The most common and Significance of Multiple Names:- Each name reflects a different dimension of the civilisation:
  • "Harappan" links to its archaeological identity.
  • "Indus Valley" connects to its geographic location.
  • "Mature Harappan" identifies its historical development phase.
Q.2- Write a brief report (150 to200 words) summing up some of the achievements of the Indus-Sarasvati civilisation.
Answer:- Report: Achievements of the Indus-Sarasvati Civilisation

The Indus-Sarasvati Civilisation, also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was one of the world’s earliest and most advanced urban cultures, flourishing around 2600–1900 BCE. Among its greatest achievements was its remarkable urban planning. Cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, and Dholavira were laid out in a grid pattern with well-organized streets, advanced drainage systems, and brick-lined houses—showing a deep understanding of civil engineering and public hygiene.

Another significant achievement was the development of standardized weights and measures, which facilitated trade across vast distances. The Harappans were skilled craftspeople, producing high-quality pottery, ornaments, seals, and beads. Their expertise in metallurgy is evident in the use of copper, bronze, and gold.

The civilisation had a well-established trade network, both inland and overseas, reaching Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf. They also developed one of the earliest writing systems, found on seals and pottery, though it remains undeciphered.

In terms of water management, the Harappans built wells, reservoirs, and sophisticated drainage systems, indicating an advanced understanding of sanitation and urban infrastructure. These achievements highlight the Indus-Sarasvati civilisation’s role as a pioneer in early urban development and social organization.

Q.3- Imagine you have to travel from the city of Harappa to Kalibangan. What are your different options? can you make a rough estimation of the amount of time each option might take?
Answer.3- To travel from Harappa (in present-day Pakistan) to Kalibangan (in present-day Rajasthan, India) during the time of the Indus-Sarasvati civilisation, you would have had a few possible travel options, based on the technology and terrain of the time:- 

While the fastest route would be river and land, most trade or personal travel likely used bullock carts. 

Q.4- Let us imagine a Harappan man or woman being transported to an average kitchen in today's India. What are the four or five biggest surprises awaiting them?

Answer. 4- If a Harappan man or woman suddenly stepped into a modern Indian kitchen, they would experience several shocks due to the dramatic changes in technology, tools, and lifestyle. 
  • Electric Appliances
  • Instant Cooking and Gas Supply
  • Running Water and Taps
  • Cold Storage (Refrigerator)

Q.5- Looking at all the pictures in this chapter, make a list of the ornaments/gestures/objects that still feel familiar in our 21st century.
Answer.5- Many elements from the Harappan Civilization resonate with modern life, as they reflect fundamental human needs, desires, and aesthetic choices.
  • Jewelry and Ornaments
  • Seals and Stamp Designs
  • Ceramic Pottery
  • The Concept of Trade and Markets
Q.6- What mindset does the system of reservoirs at Dholavira reflect?
Answer.6- The system of reservoirs at Dholavira (a prominent Harappan site located in present-day Gujarat, India) reflects a mindset that was deeply concerned with resource management, sustainability, and adaptability to environmental challenges. 

Q.7- In Mohenjo-daro, about 700 wells built with bricks have been counted. They seem to have been regularly maintained and used for several centuries. Discuss the implications.
Answer.7- The presence of around 700 wells in Mohenjo-daro, all built with bricks and maintained over several centuries, has significant implications regarding the Harappan society's organization, urban planning, and understanding of water management.

Q.8- It is often said that the Harappans had a high civic sense. Discuss the significance of this statement. Do you agree with it? Compare with citizens in a large city of India today.
Answer.8- Yes, I agree that the Harappans had a high civic sense. Civic sense means caring about the city and keeping it clean, safe, and well-managed for everyone. The Harappans showed this in many ways:
  • Clean and Well-Planned Cities
  • Public Bathrooms and Drains

Chapter - 5 India, That is Bharat

Chapter - 5  India, That is Bharat

Today, India known as:- It is known as modern nation, defined with borders, states and known population

  • Do you know 2,000 or 5,000 years ago this region of the world, often called the "Indian Subcontinent". 
  • In the course of history, India has been called by many names -- by its inhabitants and by visitors from outside.  
  • These names come to us from aancient text, accounts of travellers and pilgrims, and inscriptions.
Inhabitants:- People who live in a particular place.

How Indians Names India:-

Land of Seven Rivers:- What Does It Mean?
  • In ancient times, the region of North-Western India and Pakistan was called "Sapta Sindhu" (Sindhava) in Sanskrit.
  • "Sapta" means seven and "Sindhu" means river.
  • So, Sapta Sindhu = Land of Seven Rivers.
We see names for other parts of India appear in the literature:- The Mahabharata, one of the greatest epics of ancient India, mentions the names of many regions and kingdoms across the Indian subcontinent.
  • Kashmira - Kashmir
  • Kurukshetra - Part of today's Haryana
  • Vanga - Parts of Bengal
  • Pragjyotisha - Today's Assam 
  • Kaccha - Today's Kutch
Name for the entire Indian Subcontinent:
1. Bharatvarsha 
  • This is one of the oldest names for our country.
  • The text includes the names of numerous rivers and people.
  • The name "Bharat" is mentioned in old holy books like the Rigveda
  • It refers to an ancient king named Bharat, who was a brave and wise ruler.
2. Jambudvipa – The Second Name of India:- Meaning of Jambudvipa:
  • Jambu = The Jambu tree (Indian blackberry or jamun tree)
  • Dvipa = Island or continent
  • So, Jambudvipa means “the land of the fruit of the Jamun tree” or “island of the Jambu tree.”
  • It describe whole India and include Parts of Pakistan, Bangladesh, as well as parts of Afghanistan.
North India it is generally Bharata 
South India it is often called 'Bharatam'
Today, our Constitution also uses this name:- "India, that is Bharat…"

How Foreigners Named India:
  • This India name came from foreigners.
  • The Persians, were the ancient inhabitants of Iran during 6th century BCE.
  • Long ago, the river Indus was called Sindhu in Sanskrit.
  • The Persians could not say "S", so they said "Hindu" instead of "Sindhu".
  • Later, the Greeks and Romans called the land near the Indus river "India".
  • So, India became the name used in English and by people around the world.
Sindhu ----------- Hindhu---------------Indoi/Indike

The ancient Chinese also intereacted with India:
Sindhu-------------Hindhu----------------Indu-----------Yindu

The Chinese name "Tianzhu" is another ancient name for India, and it also has roots connected to the word "Sindhu" — just like "India" and "Hindustan."

Hindustan – The Name 1800 Years Ago
  • The word "Hindustan" comes from the Persian language.
  • About 1800 years ago, Persians and other Central Asian people came into contact with India.
  • It describe the Subcontinent.
NCERT QUESTIONS

Q.1 - Discuss what could be the meaning of the quotation at the start of the chapter.
Quotation:- "In India at a very early time the spiritual and cultural unity was made complete and became the very stuff of the life of all this great surge of humanity between the Himalayas and the two seas."

Answer. 1 - A long time ago, India became spiritually and culturally united, and this unity became a natural part of the lives of all the people living between the Himalayas and the surrounding seas.

Q.2 - True or false
  1. The Rigveda describes the entire geography of India.
  2. The Vishnu Purana describes the entire Subcontinent.
  3. In Ashoka's time, 'Jambudvipa' included what is today India, parts of Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
  4. The Mahabharata lists many regions, including Kashmir, Kutch, and Kerala.
  5. The term 'Hindustan' first appeared in a Greekinscription more than 2,000 years ago.
  6. Inn ancient Persian, the word 'Hindu' refers to theHindu religion.
  7. 'Bharata' is a name given to India by foreign travellers.
 Answers.2- (1 - F) (2-T) (3-T) (4-T) (5-F ) (6-F ) (7-F ) 

Q.3- If your were born some2,000 years ago and had the chance to name our country, what name or names might you have chosen, and why? Use your imagination!
Answer.3- If I had the chance to name our country 2,000 years ago, I would name it "Suryavarta".
  • "Surya" means Sun, and "Varta" means Land or Path.
  • So, "Suryavarta" means "Land of the Sun".
Why this name?
  • India is a land of light, knowledge, and wisdom — just like the sun.
  • Many people in ancient India worshipped the Sun, and it was seen as a source of life and energy.
  • The sun rises first in the east, and India is in the east — so it's like the first land to greet the sun.
Q.4- Why did people travel to India from various parts of the world in ancient times? What could be their motivations in undertaking such long journeys? (Hint: There could be at least four or five motivations)
Answer.4- People traveled to India in ancient times for:
  • Trade
  • Religion and learning
  • Education
  • Power and conquest
  • Cultural exchange


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