Chapter 2, Nationalism in India, chronological order for board exams: Mind Map

 Chapter 2, Nationalism in India, 

chronological order for board exams: Mind Map

Early Gandhian Movements & Post-WW1 Events

• January 1915: Mahatma Gandhi returns to India from South Africa.

• 1916: Champaran Satyagraha in Bihar to inspire peasants against the oppressive plantation system.

• 1917: Kheda Satyagraha to support peasants who could not pay revenue due to crop failure and a plague epidemic.

• 1918: Satyagraha movement in Ahmedabad among cotton mill workers.

• 1918-1919: Severe food shortages, crop failures, and an influenza epidemic caused hardship across India.

• 1919: The Rowlatt Act is passed, allowing for the detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.

• 13 April 1919: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre occurs in Amritsar.

• March 1919: The Khilafat Committee is formed in Bombay (Mumbai) to defend the Ottoman Caliphate. 

The Non-Cooperation Movement (NCM)

• September 1920: At a special session in Calcutta, the Congress agrees to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat and Swaraj.

• December 1920: The Non-Cooperation movement program is formally adopted at the Nagpur Congress session.

• January 1921: The Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement begins with boycotts of government institutions, foreign goods, and titles.

• 1921: Peasant movements in Awadh intensify, and a militant guerrilla movement spreads in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh.

• February 1922: The Chauri Chaura incident occurs; due to the violence, Mahatma Gandhi calls off the Non-Cooperation Movement. 

Towards Civil Disobedience

• 1928: The all-white Simon Commission arrives in India and is greeted with the slogan 'Go Back Simon'.

• December 1929: The Lahore Congress session, under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, formalises the demand for 'Purna Swaraj' (complete independence).

• 26 January 1930: Declared to be celebrated as Independence Day, though it received little attention at the time. 

The Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM)

• 31 January 1930: Gandhi sends a letter to Viceroy Irwin with eleven demands, including the abolition of the salt tax.

• 12 March 1930: The Salt March (Dandi March/Satyagraha) begins from Sabarmati Ashram.

• 6 April 1930: Gandhi reaches Dandi and ceremonially breaks the salt law, marking the start of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

• April 1930: Abdul Ghaffar Khan is arrested.

• May 1930: Mahatma Gandhi is arrested.

• November 1930 - January 1931: First Round Table Conference (Congress does not participate).

• 5 March 1931: The Gandhi-Irwin Pact is signed, and Gandhi agrees to attend the Second Round Table Conference.

• December 1931: Gandhi attends the Second Round Table Conference in London but returns disappointed.

• January 1932: The Civil Disobedience Movement is relaunched.

• September 1932: The Poona Pact is signed between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Gandhi, giving reserved seats to the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislative councils.

• By 1934: The Civil Disobedience Movement loses its momentum and is called off. 

Later Developments

• 8 August 1942: The Quit India Movement is launched.

• 15 August 1947: India gains independence.