Chapter - 2 Oceans and Continents

Chapter - 2  Oceans and Continents 

1. The Earth’s Surface

• The Earth's surface is made up of land and water.
• Land areas are called continents.
• Water bodies are called oceans and seas.

Oceans:- The largest bodies we see on the globe are called 'oceans'

Landmass:- A large body of land is called a 'landmass'

Continent:- A large continuous expanse of land is called a 'continent''

The Distribution of Water and Land on Earth

Oceans and continent are not distributed equally between the Northen and Southern Hemispheres.

🟦 Water and 🟫 Land – How is the Earth divided?

• The Earth’s surface is covered by two main parts:
• Water (like oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, etc.)
• Land (like continents and islands)

Sea

• A smaller part of an ocean, partly enclosed by land.
• Still contains saltwater.
• Example: Arabian Sea, Mediterranean Sea

Bay

• A water body that is partly enclosed by land, but smaller than a gulf.
• It is wide and opens into an ocean or sea.
• Example: Bay of Bengal

Gulf

• A large part of an ocean or sea that is deeply enclosed by land, more than a bay.
• Often has a narrow opening to the sea.
• Example: Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Kutch

Oceans of the World:- There are 5 oceans:

1. Pacific Ocean – Largest and deepest.
2. Atlantic Ocean – Second largest; separates the Americas from Europe and Africa.
3. Indian Ocean – Named after India.
4. Southern Ocean – Surrounds Antarctica.
5. Arctic Ocean – Smallest and located around the North Pole

It is clear from the map that they are not really separate. The lines that divide them on the map are no more the conventions - the natural world does not follow such boundaries. 

Marine:- Related to or found in the oceans and seas.

Flora:- The plant life of a particular region or period of time.

Fauna:- The animal life of a particular region or period of time.

Oceans and Disasters

Oceans are powerful and can cause or influence natural disasters such as:

1. Tsunami

• A huge sea wave caused by an earthquake under the ocean.
• Can cause major destruction when it hits the land.
• Example: 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

2. Cyclone (Hurricane/Typhoon)

• A powerful storm that forms over warm ocean water.
• Causes strong winds, heavy rain, and flooding.
• Called:
• Cyclone in the Indian Ocean
• Hurricane in the Atlantic
• Typhoon in the Pacific

3. Floods

• Oceans or seas can overflow due to cyclones, heavy rain, or high tides.
• This can cause coastal flooding.

4. Tidal Waves / Storm Surges

• Strong winds from storms push ocean water toward the shore, flooding low-lying areas.

Continent: - Land is divided into seven continents:

1. Asia
2. Africa
3. North America
4. South America
5. Antarctica
6. Europe
7. Australia

Five Olympic rings, one of the symbols of the Olympic games. It symbolise the gathering of sportspeople from all over the world. The rings were chosen to represent five inhabited continents - Africa, America, Asia, Australia, and Europe.

What is an Island?

• An island is a piece of land that is completely surrounded by water.
• It can be found in oceans, seas, rivers, or lakes.
• Islands can be small or large in size.

Ocean and Life:- Oceans and continents are vital parts of the environment and affect most aspects of our lives.

• Ocean send rain to the continent.
• This is the part of the Earth's water cycle.
• More than half of the world's osygen is produced by the oceans' Flora, which is why they are called  "The Planet Lungs".
• Regulating the climate and sustaining life on Earth.
• In early times people used oceans and seas to move or migrate to other region.
• People also use for trade or conduct military sampaigns.
• It is source of food.
• Oceans also nourished the culture of coastal people all over the world.

Questions – Oceans and Life

Fill in the blanks:

1. The Earth is covered with about ___% water.
2. The earth is called __________ planet.
3. The largest ocean is the __________ Ocean.
4. An __________ is a piece of land that is completely surrounded by water
5. There are __________Oceans.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):

Which of these is a water body?

a) Mountain

b) Ocean

c) Desert

d) Plain

Dolphins live in:

a) Forest

b) Desert

c) Ocean

d) Sky

What type of water is in oceans?

a) Fresh

b) Salt

c) Dirty

d) Boiled

Which ocean is around India?

a) Pacific

b) Arctic

c) Indian

d) Atlantic

What should we do to protect the ocean?

a) Throw plastic in it

b) Catch all fish

c) Keep it clean

d) Pour oil in it

True or False:

1. Whales live in the ocean. (True/False)
2. Oceans do not affect the weather. (True/False)
3. Coral reefs are found in deserts. (True/False)
4. Plastic can harm ocean animals. (True/False)
5. Oceans help in giving us rain. (True/False)

CLASS - 6 Chapter - 1, Locating Places on the Earth

Chapter - 1, Locating Places on the Earth 

The globe of the Earth stands in space, made upof water, earth, fire and air and is spherical..... It is surrounded by all creatures, terrestrial as well as aquatic. ( Aryabhata - about--500 CE)

A Map and Its Components 

What is a Map?

• A drawing of the Earth's surface (or a part of it) on a flat surface.
• Maps give more detailed information than a globe.
• Made using symbols, colors, scales, and directions.

An atlas is a book or collection of maps.

Types of Maps

• Physical Maps:- Maps shows some natural features: mountains, rivers, plains, etc.
• Political Maps:- Maps Show boundaries: countries, states, cities.
• Thematic Maps:- Maps Show specific information: rainfall, population, crops, etc.

Components of a Map

1. Distance (Scale):- The relationship between distance on the map and actual distance on the ground.

Example: 1 cm on map = 10 km on ground.

Types of scales:

• Small Scale: Large areas with less detail (e.g., country map).
• Large Scale: Small areas with more detail (e.g., city map).

2. Direction:- Most maps show north at the top.

Cardinal Directions: North (N), South (S), East (E), West (W).

Intermediate Directions: NE, NW, SE, SW.

3. Symbols:- Used to show features like roads, rivers, railways, bridges, temples, etc.

A legend or key explains what each symbol means.

Symbols make maps easy to read and compact.

Mapping the Earth 

• Mapping on the Earth is a little more difficult because our planet is not a flat surface. 
• It nearly has the shape of a sphere.
• It is slightly flattened at the poles.
• Representing a sphere accurately on a flat sheet of paper is not possible.
• The Earth is very big and round, so we can’t see or study all of it at once.
• Maps and globes help us understand and locate places on Earth.

Understanding Coordinates:- Coordinates are a set of numbers (latitude and longitude) used to locate a place on Earth accurately.

1. Latitude:- Horizontal imaginary lines.

• Measure north or south of the Equator (0° latitude).
• Goes up to 90° North and 90° South.
• Examples:
• Tropic of Cancer: 23½° N
• Tropic of Capricorn: 23½° S

2. Longitude:- These lines are called meridians of longitude.

• Vertical imaginary lines.
• Measure east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° longitude).
• Goes up to 180° East and 180° West.
• Prime Meridian passes through Greenwich, England.

3. How Coordinates Work

• A place is located using both latitude and longitude.
• Example: Delhi, India is located approximately at 28.6° N latitude and 77.2° E longitude.
• Latitude + Longitude = Coordinate of a place
• The point where latitude and longitude intersect gives the exact location.
• Used in GPS, maps, and atlases.

Understanding Time Zones

Why Do We Have Time Zones?

• The Earth rotates from west to east and completes one full rotation (360°) in 24 hours.
• So, it rotates 15° every hour (360° ÷ 24 = 15°).
• Because of this, different parts of the Earth experience day and night at different times.
• To manage this, the world is divided into 24 time zones, each 15° apart.

Why do most countries adopt standard time?

Most countries adopt standard time to maintain a uniform time across the country, avoid confusion due to local times, and to ensure smooth running of transport, communication, business, and government activities.

What is GMT?:-  GMT stands for Greenwich Mean Time.

• the time measured at the Prime Meridian (0° longitude), and it is used as the reference for all time zones in the world.
• It is the base time for all the time zones in the world.
• Countries calculate their own time by adding or subtracting hours from GMT.
• Example: India is GMT + 5½ hours (Indian Standard Time).

What Is the International Date Line (IDL)?

• The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line on the globe that marks where the date changes by one day.
• It is located at approximately 180° longitude.
• When you cross the IDL from west to east, you subtract a day (go back one day).
• When you cross from east to west, you add a day (go forward one day).

NCERT QUESTIONS

O1. Returning to page 10 and to Fig. 5.2 in Chapter 5 of this textbook, taking the scale to be 2.5 cm = 500 km, calculate the real distance from the estuary of the Narmada River to the estuary of the Ganga river. (Hint: round off your measurement on the map to an easy number.)

Answers:- Given:- Scale: 2.5 cm on the map = 500 km in real life

Distance on the map (between the estuaries of the Narmada and Ganga rivers): Let’s assume or round off the map distance to 6 cm (as suggested in the NCERT hint).

The real distance from the estuary of the Narmada River to the estuary of the Ganga River is approximately 1200 km.

Q2. Why is it 5:30 p.m. in India when it is 12:00 noon in London?

Answers: India is 82½° east of the Prime Meridian. Every 15° = 1 hour, so 82½° = 5½ hours. Hence, India is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of London.

Q3. Why Do We Need Symbols and Colours in a Map?

Answers. We use symbols and colours in a map to show different features clearly, save space, and make the map easy to read. Symbols represent things like roads and rivers, while colours help identify landforms like mountains, water, and plains.

Q4. Find Out What You Have in the Eight Directions from Your Home and School?

Answers.  Main directions: North, South, East, West

Sub-directions: North-East (NE), South-East (SE), South-West (SW), North-West (NW).

Example:- From My Homeand school:

Direction                             (Home/School)What I See    

North                                             Park/Library

South                                         Grocery shop/Sschool Gate

East                                             Main road/School Field

West                                     Neighbor’s house/Staff Room

North-East (NE)                             Temple/Drinking Water

South-East (SE)                             Bus stop/Science Lab

South-West (SW)                      Community hall/Rest Room

North-West (NW)                     School playground/Music Room

Q5. What is difference between local time and standard time? discuss it in groups, with each group writing an answer in 100 to 150 words. compare your answers.

Answers. Difference Between Local Time and Standard Time

Local time is the time calculated for a particular place based on the position of the sun. When the sun is exactly overhead at a place, it is 12 noon there. This means each place along different longitudes can have a slightly different local time.

But using different local times for every city causes confusion. So, countries use a standard time, which is the time fixed for the whole country based on one central longitude. For example, in India, the standard time is based on 82½° E longitude and is called Indian Standard Time (IST).

Standard time helps with organizing transport, communication, and government activities across the country. Local time is mostly used in astronomy or older systems.

Q6. Delhi's and Bengaluru's latitudes are 29 degree N and 13 degree ; their longitudes are almost the same, 77 degree E. How much will be the difference in local time between the two cities?

Answers:- No, there will be no difference in local time.

Q7. Mark the following statements as true or false; explain your answers with a sentence or two. 

1. Do parallels of latitude have the same length?

A: False, parallels of latitude do not have the same length. The Equator is the longest, and the length of the parallels decreases as we move towards the poles.

2. Is the length of the meridian of longitude half of that of the equator?

A: False, the meridian of longitude runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, and it forms a semi-circle. It is not half the length of the Equator, as both are different in shape and orientation.

3. The South Pole has a latitude of 90° S.

A: True, the latitude of the South Pole is 90° S, which is the southernmost point on Earth.

4. In Assam, the local time and IST are identical.

A: True, the local time and Indian Standard Time (IST) are identical in Assam, even though Assam lies to the east of the IST meridian. India uses one standard time (IST) across the country, which is based on 82½° E longitude.

While some regions in Assam, particularly tea gardens, have historically used a time zone one hour ahead of IST (Chaibagan or "Tea Garden Time"), this is an informal practice and does not represent the official time zone for the state. The official time zone for Assam, as well as the rest of India, is IST.

5. Lines seperating the time zonnes are identical with meridians of longitudes.

Answer: True, the lines separating time zones are based on meridians of longitude, but they are not always identical to them.

6. The Equator is also a parallel of latitude.

A: True, the Equator is the zero-degree parallel of latitude, dividing the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. It is the longest parallel of latitude.

Civics Important Questions Chapter - 1 Power Sharing

Civics Important Questions 

Chapter - 1 Power Sharing 

MCQs:

1. Power sharing is:

(a) the very spirit of democracy

(b) separation of powers at different levels

(c) vertical division of power

(d) a type of dictatorship

 Answer: (a) the very spirit of democracy

2. Which one of the following is an example of horizontal power sharing?

(a) Power shared between different levels of government

(b) Power shared among different organs of government

(c) Power shared among different social groups

(d) Power shared among political parties, pressure groups

 Answer: (b) Power shared among different organs of government

3. Majoritarianism is a belief that:

(a) minorities should rule the country

(b) the majority community should rule even at the cost of minorities

(c) power should be shared equally

(d) none of these

Answer: (b) the majority community should rule even at the cost of minorities

4. Which of the following was NOT a measure adopted by the Belgian government?

(a) Equal number of ministers from both communities

(b) State governments were not subordinate to the central government

(c) Different communities could live separately without interaction

(d) A separate government was created in Brussels

 Answer: (c) Different communities could live separately without interaction

5. What led to the civil war in Sri Lanka?

(a) Religious conflict

(b) Conflict between Tamils and Sinhalese

(c) Economic differences

(d) Demand for democracy

 Answer: (b) Conflict between Tamils and Sinhalese

6. The majority population in Sri Lanka is:

(a) Tamils

(b) Buddhists

(c) Sinhalese

(d) Christians

 Answer: (c) Sinhalese

7. In Belgium, which language is spoken by the majority in Brussels?

(a) Dutch

(b) French

(c) German

(d) English

 Answer: (b) French

8. Which among the following is NOT one of the forms of power sharing?

(a) Sharing among different social groups

(b) Sharing among political parties

(c) Sharing among different organs of government

(d) Sharing between males and females

 Answer: (d) Sharing between males and females

9. The community which was rich and powerful in Belgium was:

(a) Dutch-speaking

(b) French-speaking

(c) German-speaking

(d) English-speaking

 Answer: (b) French-speaking

10. Vertical division of power refers to:

(a) Power shared among different organs of government

(b) Power shared among governments at different levels

(c) Power shared among different social groups

(d) Power shared among political parties

 Answer: (b) Power shared among governments at different levels

1. Very Short Answer Questions (1-2 Marks):

• Define power sharing.
• Why is power sharing desirable?
• Name the two major communities of Sri Lanka.
• What is a majoritarianism policy?
• What is the ethnic composition of Belgium?
• What is Ethnic?
• What is Civil War?
• What do  you mean by prudential?

2. Short Answer Questions (3 Marks):

• Explain any two reasons why power sharing is important in a democracy.
• Differentiate between horizontal and vertical power sharing.
• Describe the accommodation policy adopted by Belgium.
• How is the Sri Lankan Tamils' struggle different from the accommodation in Belgium?
• What are the three demands of the Sri Lankan Tamils?

3. Long Answer Questions (5 Marks):

• Describe the various forms of power sharing in modern democracies with examples.
• Compare the different approaches adopted by Belgium and Sri Lanka regarding power sharing.
• How did the Belgium leaders solve the ethnic conflict? What was its result?
• "Power sharing is the true spirit of democracy." Justify the statement with examples.

MCQ Answers

1 - a

2 - b

3 - d

4 - d

5 - b

6 - c

7 - b

8 - d

9 - b

10 - b

Chapter - 5 - "Print Culture and the Modern World"

Chapter - 5  - "Print Culture and the Modern World"

1. The First Printed Books

• Earliest printing technology:
• China, Japan, Korea – Woodblock printing.

In China:

• Books printed by hand.
• Rich people read books; civil service examinations increased demand for books.
• Sanghai become the hub of the new print culture
• Buddhist missionaries spread printing to Japan and Korea.
• Calligarph:- The art of beautiful and stylised writing.

1.1 Print in Japan

Introduction of Printing in Japan

• Printing arrived in Japan from China through Buddhist missionaries around the 8th century.
• Buddhist texts were the first printed materials.
• Oldest Japanese printed book:
• The Diamond Sutra (868 CE).

Edo Period and Printing

• Edo is the old name for Tokyo.
• During the Edo period, printing flourished.
• Demand for books increased because:
• Urbanization.
• High literacy among samurai, merchants, and townspeople.
• People wanted entertainment, education, and practical information.

2. The Print Revolution in Europe

• In 11th century Chinese paper reached Europe through Silk Route
• Marco Polo brought knowledge of woodblock printing from China to Europe(ITALY) (1295 CE).
• Johann Gutenberg (Germany) invented the printing press around 1430 (strasbourg) CE.
• VELLUM:- made from skin of animals. It was luxry editions were still hand written it was very expensive. Acess of this were in limited hand.

Demand for books:-

• Europe began exporting books
• Book fair were held
• Increase the demand of manuscripts.
• Book sellers began to hire scribes.

Q - Why circulation of manuscripts werre remained limites?

• Ans- It was expensive.
• Labourious and time taking.
• Fragile and awkward.
• Not easy to carry or read easily.

2.1 Gutenberg and the Printing Press

• Johann Gutenberg was from Mainz, Germany.
• He developed the first printing press with movable metal type around 1430.
• Gutenberg was originally trained as a goldsmith — he used his knowledge of metals to create the press.

Features of Gutenberg’s Printing Press

• The olive press (used to extract oil).
• The wine press (used to crush grapes).

Main invention:

• Movable metal type → individual letters could be arranged and reused.
• Printed faster than handwritten manuscripts.
• Produced books with great beauty — almost looked like hand-written calligraphy.

First Printed Book

•  Bible - 180 copies.
• Printed around 1448.
• Very high quality, with colored decorations and beautiful designs.

Q - Why the New technology did not entirely displace existing art of producing books by hand?

• Ans - Printed books looks like written manuscripts.
• The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten style.
• Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage
• Decoration was kept blank on printed page for rich. 

1450-1550:- Printing press were set-up in Europe.

• Printers from Germany travelled to other countries & started new press.
• boomed in production 15th century 20 million copies print and 16th century 200 million copies print.
• Platen:-  A platen is a flat metal or wooden plate. In Gutenberg’s printing press, the platen was used to press the paper firmly against the inked movable type (the letters arranged on a tray).

3 - The Print Revolution and Its Impact

Q - What was the print revolution

• Ans - It wastransformde the lives of people. 
• Transformed information and knowledg.
• Influenced popular perceptions and opened up new ways of looking at things.

3.1 A New Reading Public

Rise of the Reading Public

• With the invention of the printing press, books became cheaper and faster to produce.
• Earlier, books were expensive and only rich people, monks, and scholars could afford them.
• Now, common people could also buy and read books.

Literacy and Reading

• Literacy rates increased in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries.
• Even though many people were still illiterate, they could hear books being read aloud:
• Public readings became common.
• Books, newspapers, and pamphlets were read aloud in public spaces for all to hear.

New Types of Books:-Novels, Ballads, Folk tales, Newspapers, Journals

This widened the audience — both educated and less-educated people accessed printed material.

Effects on Society

• Knowledge spread faster among all classes.
• Created a culture where even non-literate people became part of the reading public.
• Stimulated debates, discussions, and new ideas among people.

Q - What problem raised with publishers Or Why transition was not easy/simple?

• Ans - Because literate people can read.
• 20th century rate were low in European countries.

Q - How publishers solve this problem?

• Ans - Publishers think people who can not read, they enjoy listening the books.
• Print start with pictures.
• Books were sang and recited.
• Oral culture began to printed and printed material was orally transmitted.

3.2 - Religious Debates and the fear of print

Fear of Print:- Authorities feared that:

• Print would encourage questioning of existing power and traditions.
• People would challenge religious and political authority.

The Protestant Reformation

• Martin Luther (Germany) criticized the Catholic Church.
• He wrote the famous 95 Theses (1517) against church practices like the sale of indulgences.
• His ideas spread rapidly because of print — thousands of copies circulated in Europe.
• This Lead to the division within the Church and to beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
• Martin Luther Said:- "Printed is the ultimate gift og god and the greatest one".
• Print help to develop intellectual atmosphere and led reformation in society.

3.3 Print and Dissent

• Inn 16th century "Menocchio" A miller in Italy, "Reinterpreted of Bible"
• Roman Catholic enraged.
• Roman Chatolic began inquisition to repress heretical ideas.
• Menocchio was hauled and executed/Killed.
• Imposed severe control over publishers and book sellers.

Q - Who was Menocchio ? Why he had been excuted? Or Why control imposed on publisher and book sellers?

4 - The Reading Mania

Why It’s Called "Reading Mania"

• People were crazy about reading anything they could get.
• Demand for books exploded.

Massive Increase in Readers

• By the 17th and 18th centuries, literacy rates in most parts of Europe rose sharply.
• Schools were set up.
• Pedlars has been employed by publishers.
• Chapmen (Preety pedlars, Carry Chapboos for poor people.
• In France, "Billotheque bleue" - Poor quality book sale in low price.

In 18th Century:- Periodical press developed.

• Begin to publish current affairs, newspaper, jornal information, war, trade, Almanacs (calendars + information). etc.
• Scientist & Philospher ideas access to common place.
• Compied ancient and medieval Scientific text.
• Philospher and scientist (Thomas Paine, Voltaire, Rousseaue widely printed and read.

Q- How did reading became common among people? Or How did access of books easy for the common people

4.1 "Tremble, Therefore, Tyrants of the World"

The Power of Print

• The phrase "Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world" was a bold statement made during the time of the French Revolution (1789).
• Mid 18th century people think that books means spreading progress & enlightment. 
• It expressed the empowerment of the common people as they gained access to knowledge through print.

What Did This Statement Mean?

The phrase refers to the fear that rulers, kings, and tyrants had because of the spread of new revolutionary ideas via printed material.

Louis Sebastian Mercier:- 18th century novelist; "The printing press is the most powerful emgine of prgress and public opinion is the force that will swep depotism away"

Mercier procailmed:- "Tremble, Therefore, Tyrants of the World"

4.2 Print Culture and the French Revolution

there are three types of arguments or ways print culture is discussed in relation to the revolution:

1. Print as a Tool for Spreading Revolutionary Ideas

• Argument: Print played a crucial role in spreading revolutionary ideas such as liberty, equality, and fraternity.
• Explanation: Pamphlets, books, newspapers, and broadsheets helped to:
• Inform the common people about new political philosophies.
• Challenge the authority of the monarchy and the Church.
• Spread ideas of democracy and rights of the people.
• Example: The works of Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire, Rousseau, and Diderot spread through print, influencing public opinion and encouraging calls for revolution.

2. Print as a Catalyst for Political Mobilization

• Argument: Print culture helped to mobilize the masses for revolutionary actions.
• Explanation: As ideas spread through print, people became aware of the injustices of the old system and began to take action. Print media was used to:
• Organize protests and demonstrations.
• Spread revolutionary manifestos and calls for action.

3. Print as a Tool for Criticism and Dissent:- Raised the questions about social order.

• Argument: Print allowed for critical voices to emerge against the monarchy and the aristocracy.
• Explanation: Through print, people could express dissent openly without fear of immediate retaliation, leading to the growth of a public sphere where:
• Ideas of revolution and social justice were discussed.
• Political cartoons, pamphlets, and underground presses criticized the excesses of the monarchy.
• This led to the sentiment against the monarchy.

How these arguments help?

• Print culture helped spread revolutionary ideas in France.
• Pamphlets, newspapers, and books spread ideas about freedom and equality.
• Accepeted some idea & rejected order.
• Interpreted things their own way.

5 - The Nineteenth Century

During this period literacy rate bring large number of new readers children, women and workers

5.1 Children, Workers, and Women

Children and Education:- 

• In 19th century Primary Education become compulsary.
• Children became important category of readers.
• In 1857 A children's press set-up
• Grimm brothers in Germany compiling folk tales.
• Published collected story in 1812.

Women and Print Culture

• Women’s access to print materials was limited but gradually increased over time.
• Women become important reader and writer.
• Penny magzine special printed for women like housekeepinga nd manual teaching.
• Novelist women:- Jane Austine, Bronte sisters, George Eliot.

Workers and the Spread of Print

• In 17 century lending libraries existence.
• In 19th century Lending libraries in England became instruments for educating white collar workers, artisans and lower middle class.
• Mid of 19th century workers had some time for self improvement.

5.2 Further Innovations

Technological Innovations in Printing

• Printing technology continued to improve over time, leading to more efficient production of books and other printed materials.
• Metal press introduced in 18th century.
• Richard. M.Hoe - Power driven cylindrical printing 8000 Sheets Per hours.
• Offset press developde, print six colors at time.
• 20th century electrical operated press.
• Shilling Series:- In England, popular work sold in cheap series.
• 20th century innovation:- dust cover or the book jacket.

6.1 Manuscripts Before the Age of Print

What Are Manuscripts?

• Manuscripts refer to handwritten books or documents.
• Manuscripts were written by scribes 
• Before the invention of the printing press, all books were created by handwriting, which was a time-consuming and labor-intensive process.
• It was copied on palm leaves or handmade paper.

6.2 Print Comes to India

Introduction of Printing in India

• The first printing press in India was set up by Portuguese missionaries in Goa in mid 16th century.
• They learn Konkani. by 1674 50 books printed Kankar language.
• 1579 Print Ist Tamil book by Chatolic priest at Cochin.
• 1713 Ist Malayalam book printed.
• 1710 Dutch Protestant printed 32 Tamil text.
• James Augutus Hickey began to edit Brngal Gazette from 1780.
•  Hickey, publish a advertise related to "Sale of Slaves".
• Governer Genral, "Warren Hastings Persected Hickey."
• Weekly Bangal Gazatte brought out by Gangadhar Bhattachary, who was close to Rammohan Roy.

7. Religious Reform and Public Debate

• The 19th century in India saw the emergence of religious reform movements that were deeply connected to public debates on social and political issues.
• Print culture played a significant role in spreading ideas of social and religious reform, challenging traditional practices, and fostering public discussions.
• "Sambad Kamudi" published by Ram Mohan Roy in 1821.
• Hindu orthodoxy commissioned "Samachar Chandrika" oppose his opinions.
• 1822 Two Persian paper published "Jam-i-Jahan" and "Shamshul Akhbar".
• Same year two more new paper published- "Bombay Samachar" and " Gujrati Newspaper".

Fear of Muslim:-

• Ulama began to fear that colonialgovernment would encourages conversion and change Muslim personal law.
• The Deoband seminar, founded in 1867, Published "Fatwa".

Hindu Religious text:-

• Many Religious text published in Vernacular languages
• First printed edition of Ram Charit Manas of Tulsidas appear in Calcutta, during 1810.
• In 1880 Naval Kishore and Shri Venkateshwat published numerous religious text at Mumbai. 

8. New Forms of Publication

• Printing created an appetite for new kinds of writing.
• Illustrated Books and Cartoons 
• Cheap Literature and calenders were availabe in Bazars.
• Newspapers, Mazgines and Journalism.
• Raja Ravi Verma produce images for mass circulations.

8.1 Women and Print

Women’s Access to Print

• Print media in the 19th century was a key tool for empowerment and education for women.
• Women had been send to schools.

What was the problem with women to send school?

• Conservative hindus believed that literate women would be widowed and 
• Muslime feared women would be corrupted

Women writer and reformer during 19th Century.

• Early 19th century "Rasundari Debi" learn to read and write - Published "Amar Jiban" In1876.
• Kailashbashini Debu - Wrote about women experience in 1860.
• Tara Bai Sindhe and Pandita Rama Bai - Wrote about women miserable life in 1880.
• Ram Chaddha - Published " Istri Dharm Vichar". Teaches women how to be obedient wives.

8.2 Print and Poor People

The Expansion of Cheap Print Media

• In the 19th century, Cheap literature, newspapers, and pamphlets became more widely available, making it possible for lower-income groups to access printed material.
• Library set-up in city and town.

Indian Reformer:-

Jyotiba Phulle - Wrote "Gulam Giri" 1871. Caste discrimination.

B.R.Ambedkar, E.V Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras and Periyar wrote about Caste system.

Kashibaba - Mill worker wrote "Chhote or Bade ka Sawal. In 1938. about Caste and Class Exploitation.

Sudarshan Chakr - Published "Sacchi Kavitayan" in 1935 & 1955

9. Print and Censorship

• Print culture revolutionized the spread of ideas, but it also brought with it the challenge of censorship.
• Censorship became an important tool used to control the spread of ideas and to maintain social order.

Control in press in India

1820 - Calcutta Supreme court pass regulation - Control press freedom.

1835 - Revise press law, Governer - Genral Bentick - Editor - English and Vernacular news paper

1878 - Vernacula act passed - this Act was based on Irish press law.

1907 - Balganga dhar Tilak wrote in Kesari about Punjab revolutionaries.1

1908 - Imprisonment. 

Click Here to Download Chapter-5 notes Print Culture and the Modern World

इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस: हर जीवन क्षेत्र में एक अनिवार्य कुशलता

आज के बदलते युग में यदि कोई एक गुण है जो हमारे व्यक्तिगत और व्यावसायिक जीवन को समान रूप से प्रभावित करता है, तो वह है — इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस (भावनात्मक बुद्धिमत्ता)। कल हमने लेख के माध्यम से छात्रों के संदर्भ में इसके महत्व पर चर्चा की थी, लेकिन यह समझना बेहद आवश्यक है कि इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस केवल छात्रों के लिए ही नहीं, बल्कि हर वर्ग के व्यक्ति के लिए उतनी ही महत्वपूर्ण है।

चाहे वह किसी बड़ी कंपनी का सीईओ हो, एक शिक्षक हो, एक चिकित्सक, एक सरकारी अधिकारी या फिर घर की व्यवस्थापक — एक गृहिणी — इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस हर किसी की सफलता और संतुलन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। यह न केवल हमारे भावनाओं को समझने और नियंत्रित करने में मदद करती है, बल्कि दूसरों की भावनाओं को पहचानने और उनके प्रति सहानुभूति दिखाने की क्षमता भी प्रदान करती है।

प्रोफेशनल लाइफ में इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस:

आज की कॉरपोरेट दुनिया में तकनीकी ज्ञान के साथ-साथ इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस को भी सफलता की कुंजी माना जाता है। नेतृत्व क्षमता, टीम वर्क, निर्णय लेने की दक्षता और संघर्ष समाधान जैसे कौशल इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस से ही उपजते हैं। एक प्रबंधक या लीडर जो अपने और अपने सहयोगियों की भावनाओं को समझता है, वह अधिक प्रभावी ढंग से टीम का नेतृत्व कर सकता है और एक सकारात्मक कार्य वातावरण बना सकता है।

पर्सनल लाइफ में इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस:

घर हो या समाज, रिश्तों की नींव समझ, सहानुभूति और संवाद पर टिकी होती है। एक मां जो अपने बच्चे की भावनाओं को पहचानती है, एक साथी जो अपने जीवनसाथी के तनाव को समझता है, या एक मित्र जो कठिन समय में चुपचाप साथ खड़ा रहता है — यह सब इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस की मिसालें हैं।

इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस हमें सिखाती है कि समस्याओं का समाधान केवल तर्क से नहीं, बल्कि दिल से भी किया जा सकता है। यह जीवन को अधिक सुखद, संतुलित और सफल बनाती है।

हम अपनी दिनचर्या मे कुछ बदलाव और आदतों का निर्माण करके इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस (EI) को आसानी से बढ़ा सकते है  और अपनी ज़िंदगी मे सकारत्मक परिवर्तन ला सकते है। 

1. स्वयं की भावनाओं को पहचानना और स्वीकार करना:-   इसके अंतर्गत सबसे पहले स्वयं कि भावनाओं को जानना और उसे स्वीकार करना शामिल है। कई बार हम अपने emotions को इग्नोर करना शुरू कर देते है या फिर कहे कि हम अपने emotions को ज्यादा महत्व नहीं देते। बल्कि इग्नोर करने कि वजह हमे अपने emotions को स्वीकार करना होता है।  इसलिए कहा जाता है कि हमे दिन में कुछ समय स्वयं कि लिए निकालने चाहिए और स्वयं से पूछना चाहिए कि — "मैं अभी क्या महसूस कर रहा हूँ और क्यों? 

2. भावनाओं को नियंत्रित करना सीखें:-  हमे अपनी भावनाएं (Emotions) जैसे गुस्सा, डर या दुख जैसी तीव्र भावनाओं आदि को नियंत्रित करना भी सीखना चाहिए। किसी भी स्थिति मे प्रतिक्रिया देने से पहले कुछ सेकंड खुद को शांत करें। योग और ध्यान (मेडिटेशन) नियमित रूप से करें, यह आत्म-नियंत्रण को मजबूत बनाता है।

3. सहानुभूति (Empathy) विकसित करें:-  हमें सामने वाले की स्थिति को भी समझने की कोशिश करनी चाहिए। जैसे "अगर मैं उसकी जगह होता, तो कैसा महसूस करता?" इसके अलावा हर इंसान के दृष्टिकोण को सम्मान दें, भले ही आप उससे सहमत न हों।

4. सकारात्मक संवाद कौशल विकसित करें:- आलोचना करते समय शब्दों का चयन सोच-समझकर करें — कोशिश करें आलोचना रचनात्मक हो, न कि नकारात्मक। अपनी बात शांति और स्पष्टता से रखें।

5. तनाव प्रबंधन करना सीखें:- अगर आप तनाव महसूस करते है तो इससे बचने के लिए छोटे-छोटे ब्रेक लें। 

प्रकृति के बीच समय बिताना, संगीत सुनना या पसंदीदा गतिविधियाँ करना भी मदद करती हैं। हमे रोजाना नियमित रूप से व्यायाम करना भी जरूरी है, क्योंकि शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य भावनात्मक स्वास्थ्य से जुड़ा है।

6. आत्म-प्रेरणा बनाए रखें:- हम अक्सर जिंदगी मे मिली छोटी छोटी असफलताओं पर ध्यान केंद्रित करेके अपने लक्ष्यों से भटक जाते है बल्कि हमे असफलताओं से निराश न होकर उनसे सीख लेनी चाहिए। खुद को समय-समय पर सकारात्मक बातें कहकर प्रेरित करते रहना चाहिए। अपनी छोटी-छोटी उपलब्धियों का जश्न मनाते रहना जरूरी है। क्योंकि हमारी उपलब्धियां ही हमे सकारात्मक बनाए रखने मे मदद करती है । 

7. फीडबैक के लिए खुले रहें:- किसी अन्य व्यक्ति द्वारा आपके ऊपर दिये गए फीडबैक को व्यक्तिगत हमला न समझें, बल्कि सुधार का अवसर मानें। क्योंकि दूसरों के द्वारा दिया गया फीडबैक ही आपको आपकी गलती से अवगत करवाता है और आपकी खुद कि गलतियों को सुधारने के अवसर प्रदान करता है। 

अत: हम यह कह सकते है कि चाहे हम किसी भी भूमिका में हों — छात्र, प्रोफेशनल या गृहिणी — इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस हमारे जीवन की दिशा तय करती है। यह हमें केवल सफल नहीं बनाती, बल्कि एक बेहतर इंसान भी बनाती है। इसलिए, इस गुण को विकसित करना और अपने जीवन में लागू करना आज के समय की सबसे बड़ी आवश्यकता है।

इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस : सफलता की चाबी

आज के तेज़ी से बदलते समय में केवल बुद्धिमत्ता (IQ) ही किसी व्यक्ति की सफलता की पहचान नहीं है। बल्कि एक और महत्वपूर्ण गुण इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस या भावनात्मक बुद्धिमत्ता (EQ) भी है, जो कि हमारी सफलता मे एक  महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका अदा करती है । यह किसी व्यक्ति की वह क्षमता है जिससे हम अपनी और दूसरों की भावनाओं को समझते हैं, उन्हें नियंत्रित करते हैं और उनका सही दिशा में उपयोग करते हैं।

इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस क्या है?

वर्तमान समय मे इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस वह कला है, जिसकी मदद से हम अपने और दूसरों के भावों को  पहचानते और समझते है, स्वयं को प्रबंधित करना के साथ-साथ सकारात्मक रूप से व्यक्त करना आदि भी सीखते है।” यह केवल भावुक होना नहीं, बल्कि भावनाओं को समझदारी से नियंत्रित करने की भी कला है।

छात्र जीवन में इसकी भूमिका:- छात्रों के जीवन मे इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस बेहद उपयोगी है। क्योंकि, इसकी मदद से वह अपने जीवन मे आने वाली चुनौतियों और परेशानियों का सामना सकारात्मक रूप से करने के साथ-साथ सरलता से उन चुनौतियों को हल करने की कला भी सीखते है। जैसे :- परीक्षा के तनाव से लड़ने, असफलता को स्वीकार करने, मित्रों और शिक्षकों से अच्छे संबंध बनाने, और खुद को प्रेरित करने में मदद करता है। छात्रों के जीवन मे इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस के फ़ायदे। 

1. पढ़ाई में बेहतर प्रदर्शन (Better Academic Performance):

जब आप अपनी feelings (जैसे डर, तनाव, comparison) को समझकर संभालते हैं, तो आपका focus और concentration बढ़ता है। इससे पढ़ाई में अच्छा रिजल्ट आता है।

2. परीक्षा का डर और तनाव कम होता है (Less Exam Stress):

EQ वाले छात्र exam के समय घबराने की बजाय calmly तैयारी करते हैं, जिससे performance improve होती है।

3. दोस्तों और शिक्षकों से अच्छे रिश्ते (Healthy Relationships):

जब आप empathy से बात करते हैं, दूसरों की feelings समझते हैं — तो दोस्ती और टीचर्स के साथ bonding मजबूत होती है।

4. सेल्फ-मोटिवेशन (Self-Motivation):

Emotionally intelligent छात्र खुद को motivate करना जानते हैं — चाहे result अच्छा न हो या कोई failure आ जाए।

5. Bullying या आलोचना से निपटने की शक्ति (Resilience Against Bullying or Criticism):

ऐसे छात्र emotionally strong होते हैं, इसलिए दूसरों की negative बातों को दिल से नहीं लगाते और calmly deal करते हैं।

6. समस्या सुलझाने की क्षमता (Better Problem Solving):

जब दिमाग शांत रहता है और भावनाओं पर काबू होता है, तब कठिनाइयों में भी समाधान ढूँढना आसान होता है।

7. नेतृत्व और टीमवर्क (Leadership & Teamwork):

EQ वाले छात्र दूसरों को motivate कर सकते हैं, group projects में अच्छा coordination करते हैं, और लीडर बनते हैं।

छात्र कैसे बढ़ा सकते हैं Emotional Intelligence? ऐसा नहीं कि छात्र Emotional Intelligence के स्तर (LEVEL)को बढ़ा नहीं सकते। कुछ अभ्यास और प्रयासों कि मदद से हर कोई छात्र Emotional Intelligence के स्तर (LEVEL) को सुधार सकता है। 

• अपनी भावनाओं को नाम दें – जैसे "मैं दुखी हूँ", "मैं परेशान हूँ" – इससे आप उन्हें पहचान पाएंगे।
• जर्नल लिखें – रोज़ 5 मिनट के लिए दिन की feelings को लिखें।
• गहरी साँसें लें जब गुस्सा आए – impulse reaction से बचने के लिए।
• दूसरों की बात ध्यान से सुनें – समझने की कोशिश करें, जवाब देने की नहीं।
• आत्म-चिंतन (Self-reflection) – दिन खत्म होने पर सोचें कि आज आपने कैसा व्यवहार किया।

अंत मे हम यह कह सकते है कि, छात्रों के जीवन मे इमोशनल इंटेलिजेंस सफलता की एक ऐसी कुंजी है जो छात्रों कोअकादमिक गतिविधियों के साथ-साथ एक बेहतर इंसान बनाने में भी मदद करती है। यह गुण हमें स्वयं को समझने, दूसरों के प्रति संवेदनशील बनने और जीवन को अधिक संतुलित और सार्थक ढंग से जीने की राह दिखाता है। इसलिए, जितना ज़रूरी दिमाग को तेज़ बनाना है, उतना ही ज़रूरी है दिल की समझ को भी विकसित करना।

मेरी हर सांस की, माँ शुरुआत हो तुम

 मैं जो भी हूँ, जहाँ भी हूँ 

उसकी बुनियाद हो तुम

मेरी हर सांस की, 

माँ शुरुआत हो तुम

माँ, तुम्हारी अंगुली पकड़ कर मैने पहली बार चलना सीखा

हर गिरते क़दम पर माँ,मैंने संभलना सीखा

मेरे सपनों की रखवाली कर 

माँ रातों की नींद तुमने त्यागी

अपना निवाला देकर मुझको

भूखी, प्यासी तुम कई रात जागी

तुमने न सिर्फ जन्म दिया, 

बल्कि जीना भी सिखाया है

हर दर्द और डर को

अपने आँचल मे छुपाया है

माँ, तुम सिर्फ एक शब्द नहीं

एक पूरी किताब हो

संघर्षों की गाथा मे माँ तुम एक विश्वास हो

इस धरा पर ईश्वर ने

एक सच्ची मूर्त बनाई

माँ के वजूद मे ही तो

ईश्वर की परछाई समाई

"मज़हब के नाम पर"

ये पहली बार नहीं, 

आतंकियों ने जब 

बेगुनाहों को मारा है। 

क्या, वो कोई पैगंबर है?

निर्दोषों को जो 

मौत के घाट उतारा है।

ये कायराना हरकत है,जो 

निहत्थों पर वार किया

मज़हब का रखवाला बन 

मज़हब को अपने शर्मसार किया। 

कौन सी शिक्षा मज़हब की तुम

धरा पर फैलाने आए थे। 

निर्दोषों को मारा तुमने 

कलंक मज़हब पर लगाए थे।

माना खुदा के बंदे हो तुम 

खुदा के परवदिगार हो 

क्या, अपने मज़हब के तुम 

इकलौते पहरेदार हो?

शांतिदूत हो तुम खुदा के 

क्या, मज़हब तुम्हारा हथियार है?

मौत के घाट निर्दोषों को उतारना 

क्या, तुम्हारा व्यपार है?

     

ऑफिस पॉलिटिक्स (Office Politics) हर कार्यस्थल पर एक आम समस्या

आजकल ऑफिस पॉलिटिक्स (Office Politics) हर कार्यस्थल पर एक आम समस्या बन चुकी है, और यह ना सिर्फ काम के माहौल को बिगाड़ती है बल्कि व्यक्ति के मानसिक स्वास्थ्य पर भी असर डाल सकती है। आइए इस लेख के माध्यम से इसे विस्तार से समझते हैं:

ऑफिस पॉलिटिक्स क्या है?

ऑफिस पॉलिटिक्स का मतलब है—ऐसा व्यवहार या गतिविधियाँ जो कार्यस्थल पर किसी व्यक्ति या समूह को फायदा, या फिर दूसरों की हानि पहुंचाने के उद्देश्य से की जाती हैं। इस तरह के व्यवहार आमतौर पर शक्ति, प्रभाव, पद, या मान्यता पाने के लिए किया जाता है।

इसमें शामिल हो सकते हैं:

• चुगली करना (Backbiting)
• दूसरों की सफलता को दबाना
• ज़रूरत से ज़्यादा बॉस की चापलूसी
• जानबूझकर किसी की गलती उजागर करना
• किसी के खिलाफ माहौल बनाना

ऑफिस पॉलिटिक्स के दुष्परिणाम: ऑफिस मे इस तरह के नकारात्मक वातावरण  के कारण इसका प्रभाव  कर्मचारियों के मानसिक,और  शारीरिक स्वास्थ्य  के साथ उनकी Productivity पर भी देखने को मिलता है। इसके अतिरिक्त ऑफिस पॉलिटिक्स के मुख्य दुष्परिणाम इस प्रकार है।   

• काम में मन न लगना
• आत्मविश्वास में कमी
• टीम वर्क में बाधा
• मानसिक तनाव और निराशा
• योग्य व्यक्ति का हतोत्साहित होना

ऑफिस पॉलिटिक्स से निपटने के उपाय:

1. पेशेवर (Professional) बने रहें

• अपनी बातों और व्यवहार में हमेशा शालीनता रखें।
• किसी के बहकावे में न आएं और न ही बेवजह किसी विवाद में पड़ें।

2. गॉसिप से दूरी बनाए रखें

• ऑफिस में होने वाली चुगली या अफवाहों में भाग न लें।
• यदि कोई आपके पास आकर किसी की बुराई करता है, तो उस चर्चा को बढ़ावा न दें।

3. अपने काम पर फोकस करें

• अपनी जिम्मेदारियों को ईमानदारी से निभाएं।
• आपका काम ही आपकी पहचान बनाता है।

4. स्मार्ट तरीके से संवाद करें

• जब भी किसी कठिन स्थिति का सामना हो, शांत रहकर और तथ्यों के आधार पर बात करें।
• बातों को भावनात्मक नहीं, तार्किक ढंग से रखें।

5. सभी से संतुलित व्यवहार रखें

• किसी एक ग्रुप में न फँसें, सभी के साथ विनम्रता से पेश आएं।
• ऑफिस फ्रेंडशिप हो, लेकिन प्रोफेशनल सीमाएँ भी स्पष्ट हों।

6. अपना नेटवर्क बनाएं

• अपने जैसे सकारात्मक और भरोसेमंद लोगों से जुड़ें।
• इससे आपको मानसिक समर्थन भी मिलेगा और पॉलिटिक्स से निपटना आसान होगा।

7. सीनियर या एचआर से बात करें (यदि मामला बढ़ जाए)

अगर किसी की गतिविधियाँ आपको बार-बार नुकसान पहुँचा रही हैं, तो उचित तरीके से सीनियर या HR से बातचीत करें।

निष्कर्ष:

ऑफिस पॉलिटिक्स को पूरी तरह से रोकना मुश्किल हो सकता है, लेकिन समझदारी, संयम और प्रोफेशनल रवैये से आप इससे सुरक्षित रह सकते हैं। सबसे ज़रूरी है—खुद को सही बनाए रखना, भले ही परिस्थिति कितनी भी गलत क्यों न हो।

Chapter - 1, Develpoment Important Questions

 Chapter - 1, Develpoment

Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark)

• What is meant by per capita income?
• Define HDI (Human Development Index).
• Mention one limitation of per capita income as an indicator of development.
• Which organization publishes the Human Development Report?
• What is average income or Per Capita Income?
• Define :- Infant Mortality Rate, Literacy Rate, Net Attendance Ratio.
• BMI stands for.

Short Answer Questions (3 marks)

• Why do different people have different developmental goals? Give examples.
• “Income is not the only measure of development.” Justify the statement with two examples.
• What are the public facilities needed for a good standard of living?
• What is the criterion used by the World Bank to classify countries? What is its limitation?
• How come some countries are generally called developed and others under-developed?
• Write difference between UNDP and World Bank.

Long Answer Questions (5 marks)

• Compare the development of Haryan, Kerala, and Bihar using indicators like infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and net attendance ratio.  

Haryana - Infant Mortality Rate Rate Per - 30  Literacy Rate - 82  Net attendance ratio - 61
Kerala -  Infant Mortality Rate Rate Per -  7  Literacy Rate - 94  Net attendance ratio - 83
Bihar - Infant Mortality Rate Rate Per - 32  Literacy Rate - 62  Net attendance ratio - 43

• Explain the Human Development Index (HDI). What are its components?
• Describe any five different goals of development other than income.
• “Sustainable development is the need of the hour.” Explain with examples.

Chapter - 1 Resources and Development (IMPORTANT QUESTIONS)

Resources and Development 

Very Short Answer Type Questions

• What is a resource?
• Define sustainable development.
• Name two renewable resources.
• Give one example of a biotic resource.
• In which country and when Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit held?
• UNCED stands for 
• Who said "There is enough for everybody's need and not for any body's greed"?
• Who presneted Gandhian philosphy and what is the name of book?
• In which book "Brundtland Commission Report" 1987 introduced the concept of 'Sustainable Develpment"?
• What is net sown area?
• In which year National forest policy framed?

Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks)

• Explain the classification of resources on the basis of origin and exhaustibility.
• What is resource planning? Why is it essential in India?
• Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable resources with examples.
• Mention three steps involved in resource planning.
• What are the causes of land degradation in India?
• What do you mean by development of resources?
• What are objective of Earth Summit OR What is AGENDA 21 ?
• Justify this statment "There is enough for everybody's need and not for any body's greed"?
• What is Regur soil? Where it found?
• How is soil a resource? 

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks)

• Describe any five types of land use categories in India.
• What are the major problems related to the indiscriminate use of resources? How can they be solved?
• Explain the importance of resource planning in the context of India.
• Describe the classification of resources on the basis of ownership with examples.
• Suggest measures to conserve land resources in India.
• Which soil found excessive in India write its feature?
• What is soil erosion and how can we consserve the soil?

Map-Based Questions:- On a political map of India, locate and label:

• States with alluvial soil.
• Regions with laterite soil.
• Areas where black soil is found.

Chapter - 1 Nationalism in Europe Important Questions

 1 Mark Questions (Very Short Answer)

• Who was the architect of the unification of Germany?
• What was the significance of the Treaty of Vienna (1815)?
• Name the allegory used to represent France.
• Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
• What does the term ‘Zollverein’ refer to?
• Who was Johann Gottfried and Grimm Brothers? 
• Who was Frederic Sorrieu and what's the name of his painting? 
• What is a meaning of Utopian vision of a worlds according to Frederic Sorrieu? 
• What is the meaning of torch which hold by The statue? 
• Broken thrown can be seen as? 
• What do you mean by liberalism?
• Allegory of Germany and France called. 
• Sword, oak, and Imperial crown symbolize for? 
• How this picture relate to nationalism? 

3 Mark Questions (Short Answer)

• Explain any three features of the French Revolution that promoted the idea of nationalism in Europe.
• What role did language and culture play in developing nationalist sentiments in Europe?
• Describe the process of unification of Italy.
• Explain the role of Giuseppe Garibaldi in the unification of Italy.
• What were the main provisions of the Treaty of Vienna 1815?
• What do you mean by Romanticism?
• What is civil code and who introduced it? 
• What was the reason of conflict between middle class and aristocrate? 

5 Mark Questions (Long Answer)

• How did the French Revolution lay the foundation for nationalism in Europe? Explain with examples.
• Compare the processes of unification of Germany and Italy.
• Describe the role of Otto von Bismarck in the unification of Germany.
• How did Romanticism help in the rise of nationalism in Europe?
• How unification of Britain different from Germany and Italy? 
• What were the major impacts of the Revolution of 1830 and 1848 in Europe?

Chapter - 4 Food Security in India

Chapter - 4 Food Security in India

What is Food Security?

• Availability of food – enough food for everyone.
• Accessibility of food – everyone can get it.
• Affordability of food – everyone can buy it.

Food security is important so that no one remains hungry, especially in times of natural calamities (like droughts, floods, or crop failures).

Why is Food Security Necessary?:- Due to a natural calamity, total production of foodgrains decrease. that's why we need food security.

• To prevent hunger and starvation.
• To ensure good health and nutrition.
• To support economic growth – healthy people work better.
• To avoid social unrest due to food shortages.

Famine:- A Famine is characterised by wide spread deaths due to starvation and epidemics. 

Famine of Bengal in 1943 was the most devastating famine occured in India.

Who are Food-Insecure People in India?

• Landless labourers
• Small farmers
• People in rural areas without job security
• Migrants and slum dwellers in cities
• Women, children, and the elderly in poor households

Measures Taken by the Government

Public Distribution System (PDS):

• Food grains (rice, wheat, sugar) are distributed through ration shops.
• Poor families get these at subsidized (cheap) rates.

Buffer Stock:

• Government stores extra food (mainly wheat and rice) in the Food Corporation of India (FCI) godowns.
• Used during shortages or emergencies.

Food Security Act (2013):

• Legal right to food for up to 75% of rural and 50% of urban population.
• Provides 5 kg of food grains per person per month at low prices.

Other Programs:

• Mid-Day Meal Scheme (in schools)
• Antyodaya Anna Yojana (for the poorest)
• Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS)

Problems with the PDS

• Leakage and black marketing
• Low quality of food grains
• Errors in identifying poor households
• Some people who need it are left out
• Irregular opening of the shops.

Green Revolution:- India adopted a new strategy in agriculture which resulted in 'Green Revolutin' especially in the production of wheat and rice.

Wheat Revolution:- To increase the production of Wheat, It introducd July 1968. After success of wheat was later replicated in rice.

Minimum Support Price:- It is the price at which the government promises to buy crops from farmers, even if market prices fall.

Issue Price:-  is the price at which the government sells food grains (like rice and wheat) to the poor through ration shops (PDS).

Ration shops (Fair Price Shops):- Government authorise shops in these shops sale essential goods in lower price. example:- Rice, wheat, Sugar, etc.

Role of Cooperatives

• Food cooperatives help distribute food in remote areas.
• Example: Amul in Gujarat (dairy), Mother Dairy in Delhi.
• Maharashtra, Scademy of Development Science(ADS):- organise training and capacity building programmes on food security for NGOs.

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Chapter - 6 Population

Chapter - 6  Population 

What is Population? :- Population refers to the total number of people living in a country at a specific time.

Population Size and Distribution

• As per the Census 2011, India's population was over 1.21 billion.
• Population is unevenly distributed across states:
• Highly populated: Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar
• Less populated: Sikkim, Mizoram, Lakshadweep

Population Density: Number of people living per square kilometer.

• Population Density = Total Population / Land Area
• High Density: Delhi, Bihar
• Low Density: Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram

Population Growth:- The increase in the number of people over time. Two types of growth

• Natural Growth = Birth rate – Death rate
• Actual Growth = Natural Growth + Migration

 Birth Rate, Death Rate & Migration

• Birth Rate: Number of births per 1,000 people per year
• Death Rate: Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year
• Migration: Movement of people from one place to another
• In-migration: Moving into a place
• External-migration: Moving out from on country to another country

Characteristics of Population (Population Composition)

• Age structure: Children, working-age, elderly
• Sex ratio: Number of females per 1000 males
• Literacy rate: % of people aged 7+ who can read and write
• Occupational structure:
• Primary (agriculture)
• Secondary (industry)
• Tertiary (services)

Census:- An official count of the population, held every 10 years in India.

Health:- Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being.

Adolescents:- Adolescents are, generallly, grouped in the age of 10 to 19 years.

National Population Policy (NPP):- Launched in: 2000, The National Population Policy (NPP) is a policy created by the Government of India to manage and stabilize the country’s growing population and improve the quality of life for its people.

Main Goal: 

• Compulsary education up to 14 years of age.
• Reduce infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births
• Reduce maternal mortality rate to below 100 per 100,000 live births
• Achieve universal immunization of children
• Promote delayed marriage for girls (minimum age: 18 years)
• Encourage small family norms

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Working of Institutions

 Working of Institutions

How Are Major Policy Decisions Taken?

This section explains how the government takes important decisions through a proper democratic process, involving different institutions (like ministers, civil servants, and the Parliament).

A Government Order – The Mandal Commission Case (1990)

What was the Government Order?

• Date: August 13, 1990
• Issued by: Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India
• Announced 27% reservation for Socially and Educationally Backward Classes (SEBC) in government jobs.
• Based on the Mandal Commission's recommendations.

What is an Office Memorandum (OM)?:- It is an official written order by the government.

This OM announced a major policy change – adding reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in central government jobs.

The Decision-Making Process:

• Mandal Commission Report (1979):
• Formed by the Janata government, led by PM Morarji Desai.
• Commission studied the condition of backward classes and recommended 27% reservation in jobs.

Decision by Political Executive:

• In 1990, PM V.P. Singh decided to implement the Mandal Commission’s report.
• This decision was political and taken by the Council of Ministers.

Issuing the Order:

The Department of Personnel issued the Office Memorandum (OM) based on the PM’s decision.

Public Response:

• The decision led to nationwide protests, especially among students.
• Some supported it as a step towards social justice.

Judicial Review:

• The decision was challenged in the Supreme Court.
• The court upheld the reservation but added conditions (like the concept of creamy layer).

Need for Political Institutions

• Countries need rules and policies.
• Institutions like Parliament, Prime Minister, and Courts are needed to make and implement these.
• They ensure that decisions are not taken by just one person, but go through a proper system.

What is Parliament?

Parliament is the supreme law-making body in India. It represents the people of the country and plays a vital role in our democracy.

In India, Parliament has two houses:

• Lok Sabha (House of the People)
• Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

Why Do We Need a Parliament?

1. Law-Making

2. Representation of the People

3. Control Over the Executive

4. Approval of Budget and Policies

5. Forum for Debate and Discussion

1. Lok Sabha (Lower House):- Also called House of the People

• Maximum strength: 552 members
• 530 from states
• 20 from Union Territories
• 2 can be nominated by the President (from Anglo-Indian community — this is now discontinued after the 104th Amendment in 2020)
• Currently: Around 543 elected members

2. Rajya Sabha (Upper House):- Also called Council of States

• Maximum strength: 250 members
• 238 elected by State Legislative Assemblies
• 12 nominated by the President (eminent persons from art, science, literature, social service)
• Currently: Around 245 members

Special Powers of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha

Equal Role in Non-Money Bills

• In the case of ordinary bills, both houses have equal power.
• A bill must be passed by both Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha to become law.

Rajya Sabha cannot start or reject a Money Bill:-Rajya Sabha can only delay it by 14 days or recommend changes, which the Lok Sabha may or may not accept.

Lok Sabha controls the Councils of Ministers:- If the members of Lok Sabha say they have 'no confidence' in the Council of Ministers, all the elected ministers including Prime Minister , have to quit. Rajya Sabha does not hace this power.

What is the Executive? :- The Executive is the branch of government that implements the laws made by the Parliament and runs the administration of the country.

It is divided into two types:

1. Political Executive

• Elected by the people.
• Includes the Prime Minister, Council of Ministers, Chief Ministers, etc.

Key Features:

• Holds real power.
• Changes with every election.
• Takes major policy decisions.
• Accountable to the public through the Parliament.

2. Permanent Executive (Civil Services)

• Appointed government officials (not elected).
• Includes IAS, IPS, and other government officers.

Key Features:

• Known as civil servants or bureaucrats.
• Implement the decisions of the Political Executive.
• Have expert knowledge in administration.
• Stay in office regardless of which party is in power.

 The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers

• Prime Minister: Head of the government, leader of the majority party.
• Council of Ministers:
• Cabinet Ministers (senior)
• Ministers of State (junior)
• They work under the leadership of the PM.

Powers of the Prime Minister:- The Prime Minister (PM) is the head of the government in India and the most powerful political leader in the country.

1. Leader of the Council of Ministers

2. Leader of the Lok Sabha

3. Advises the President

4. Takes Major Policy Decisions

5. Represents the Nation

The President of India:- The President is the head of the state and the first citizen of India.

India follows a parliamentary system, so the President is a nominal executive (means symbolic head), while the real power lies with the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.

How is the President Elected?

• The President is not directly elected by the people.
• Elected by an Electoral College (which includes MPs of Parliament and MLAs of State Assemblies).

Powers and Functions of the President

1. Executive Powers

• Appoints the Prime Minister and other ministers (on PM’s advice).
• Appoints important officials: Governors, Chief Justice, judges of Supreme Court & High Courts, Election Commissioners, Ambassadors.
• Administers Union Territories through Lieutenant Governors.

2. Legislative Powers

• Summons and dissolves Parliament.
• Delivers the opening address in Parliament at the beginning of a new session.
• Gives assent (approval) to bills passed by Parliament so they become laws.
• Can nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha (experts in arts, science, literature, and social service).
• Can nominate 2 members from the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha (this was discontinued after 104th amendment in 2020).

3. Financial Powers

• Ensures that the Annual Budget is presented in Parliament.
• No money bill can be introduced in Parliament without the President’s permission.

4. Military Powers

• Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces.
• Appoints the chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• Can declare war or peace, but only with approval of Parliament.

5. Judicial Powers

Can grant pardons, reprieves, or reduce punishment in certain cases (especially death sentences or cases involving union laws).

6. Emergency Powers:- During an emergency, the President gets extraordinary powers, such as:

• National Emergency
• President’s Rule in a state
• Financial Emergency

The Judiciary:- It is essential features of democracy. It is an independent and powerful organ. 

How Judge Appointed:- The judge of the Supreme and High courts are appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Courts.

How Judge can be remove from that position:- A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by two-thirds members of the two houses of the parliament.

India has a three-tier court system:

1. Supreme Court (Top Level)

2. High Courts (Middle Level)

3. District Courts / Subordinate Courts (Lower Level)

Power of Supreme and High Court

1. Judicial Review

• The judiciary can review laws and actions of the government.
• If a law is against the Constitution, the court can declare it invalid (unconstitutional).

2. Upholding the Law and Constitution

• Ensures that all laws are followed properly.
• The judiciary is the guardian of the Constitution.

3. Protection of Fundamental Rights

• You can go to the courts if your Fundamental Rights are violated.
• The courts can issue orders to protect your rights.

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ELECTORAL POLITICS

ELECTORAL POLITICS

Why Election?

1. To Choose Representatives:- In a democracy, people don’t make laws directly. Instead, they elect leaders who make decisions on their behalf.

2. To Form a Government:- Elections help in choosing the government. The party (or coalition) that wins the majority forms the ruling government.

3. To Ensure Accountability:- If leaders don’t perform well, people can vote them out in the next election. This keeps leaders answerable to the public.

4. To Give People a Voice:- Elections give every citizen the right to express their opinion through voting.

Everyone’s vote is equal, regardless of their status or background.

5. To Keep Democracy Alive:- Without elections, there would be no way to change leaders peacefully. Elections are the heartbeat of democracy — they keep the system working fairly.

Assembly Election in Haryana :- In 1987, a major movement in Haryana was led by Devi Lal, a prominent farmer leader and politician.

The 1987 Movement in Haryana:

• Devi Lal launched a "Nyaya Yudh" (Justice Movement).
• He promised to give a clean government and support to farmers and poor people.
• His campaign gained massive public support.

What Happened in the 1987 Elections?

• The people of Haryana were unhappy with the ruling government.
• Devi Lal’s party won the state election with a huge majority.
• He became the Chief Minister of Haryana.

Why Do We Need Elections?

• Choice of leadership: People can choose who will represent them.
• Change of leadership: If people are unhappy, they can elect someone new.
• Accountability: Leaders are accountable to the people because they can be voted out.

What Makes an Election Democratic?

• Free and fair elections: No cheating, pressure, or unfair advantages.
• Regular elections: Held every few years.
• Universal adult franchise: Every citizen above 18 can vote.
• Right to contest: Everyone has the right to stand in elections.

Is Political Competition is Good:

1. Gives People a Choice

Multiple parties and candidates mean people can choose the best one.

Voters can compare policies, promises, and performance.

2. Leaders Work Harder

To win elections, parties and leaders work sincerely for the public.

They try to solve problems and fulfill promises.

3. Keeps Government Accountable

If the ruling party does not perform well, people can vote them out.

It creates a pressure to perform better.

4. Encourages Debate and Ideas

Different parties bring different views and solutions.

This leads to healthy discussions on national issues.

There Are Some Drawbacks Too:

1. Use of Unfair Means

Sometimes parties use money, muscle power, or fake promises.

2. Too Much Focus on Winning

Parties may focus only on winning elections, not on real issues.

3. Divisive Tactics

Some leaders use religion, caste, or language to divide people.

How Do Elections Take Place in India?

Constituencies: The country is divided into areas called constituencies. One representative is elected from each.

Voters' List: List of all eligible voters is prepared.

Nomination of Candidates: Political parties or individuals file nominations.

Election Campaign: Candidates promote themselves, share plans, and ask for votes.

Polling and Counting: Voting is done through EVMs (Electronic Voting Machines). Votes are counted and the winner is declared.

Genral Election:- Election held every 5 years.

By-Election:- Sometimes election is held only for one constituency to fill the vacancy caused by death or regisnation of a member.

What Makes Elections in India Democratic?

1. Universal Adult Franchise

2. Regular Elections

3. Free and Fair Elections

4. Independent Election Commission (ECI)

5. Right to Contest

6. Secret Ballot

7. Level Playing Field:- All political parties have the right to campaign and reach out to voters. 

There are rules to ensure fair competition.

Challenges to Free and Fair Elections in India

1.Use of Money Power

2.Use of Muscle Power

3.Fake or Bogus Voting

4.Misuse of Government Resources

5.Unfair Media Influence

6.False Promises & Vote-Buying

Click here to download Chapter - 3, Electoral Politics

"बेजुबानों की पीड़ा"

जंगलों को काट कर,

बेजुबानों को किया गया बेघर।

पेड़ों की छाँव में रहने वाले जीवों,

का छीन लिया घर।

बेजुबानों के मौन को,

समझ नहीं सका कोई 

जिसने समझा उनके मौन को।

और जो बने उनकी आवाज़,

उन्हें कहा गया देशद्रोही ।

सरकार और पूंजीपतियों ने

बाँट लिया मुनाफा आधा-आधा।

विकास के नाम पर लूटा गया,

प्रकृति का हर कोना और राह।

कटे जंगलों के बदले,

गमलों में उगाए गए वृक्ष।

फिर सरकारी कागज़ों में,

बसा दिया गया, 

एक नकली वन-प्रदेश।

दस्तावेज़ों में नहीं रोया कभी कोई हिरण,

समाचारों में भी कभी नहीं 

दिखाई गयी परिंदों की चीख।

कभी नहीं दिखाया गया वो पल,

जब एक मांद उजड़ गई चुपचाप।

कभी किसी रिपोर्ट में नहीं आया,

वो घायल हाथी का आह भरना।

कभी नहीं छापा गया अख़बार में,

एक पंछी का पंख तुड़वाकर गिरना।

क्या हम इंसानों ने कभी 

समझा बेजुबानों की  

पीड़ा को?

बेजुबान है तो क्या? 

वो भी तो है, इस धरा के जीव,

क्या मौन आंसू कोई चीख नहीं रखते?

क्यों ,हम उनके जीवन का कोई मोल नहीं समझते?

भूपेंद्र रावत 

"सामाजिक-भावनात्मक विकास में स्कूल और अभिभावकों की संयुक्त भूमिका"

सामाजिक-भावनात्मक अधिगम (SEL) एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है जिसमें छात्र अपने भावनाओं को समझना, नियंत्रित करना, दूसरों के साथ सहानुभूति रखना, सकारात्मक संबंध बनाना और ज़िम्मेदारी से निर्णय लेना सीखते हैं। यह न केवल उनके शैक्षणिक विकास के लिए बल्कि उनके संपूर्ण व्यक्तित्व विकास के लिए भी बेहद आवश्यक है। आज इस लेख के माध्यम से हम समझेंगे कि सामाजिक-भावनात्मक अधिगम (SEL) क्या है। और सामाजिक-भावनात्मक अधिगम (SEL) के विकास मे स्कूल और माता-पिता कैसे महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते है। 

सामाजिक-भावनात्मक अधिगम के महत्व:

आत्म-चेतना (Self-awareness):

छात्र अपनी भावनाओं, मूल्यों और आत्मविश्वास को पहचानना सीखते हैं। इससे उन्हें खुद को बेहतर समझने और सकारात्मक आत्म-छवि विकसित करने में मदद मिलती है।

आत्म-नियंत्रण (Self-management):

यह छात्रों को अपनी भावनाओं को नियंत्रित करने, तनाव से निपटने और लक्ष्यों को पाने के लिए प्रेरित रहने में मदद करता है।

सामाजिक जागरूकता (Social awareness):

छात्र दूसरों के दृष्टिकोण और भावनाओं को समझना और उनका सम्मान करना सीखते हैं। यह विविधता को स्वीकारने और सहानुभूति विकसित करने में सहायक होता है।

संबंध निर्माण कौशल (Relationship skills):

यह छात्रों को अच्छे संचार, सहयोग और संघर्ष समाधान के कौशल सिखाता है, जिससे वे मजबूत और सकारात्मक संबंध बना पाते हैं।

उत्तरदायी निर्णय लेना (Responsible decision-making):

छात्र सोच-समझ कर नैतिक और सामाजिक रूप से उचित निर्णय लेना सीखते हैं, जिससे वे अपने और दूसरों के लिए बेहतर विकल्प चुन पाते हैं।

सामाजिक-भावनात्मक अधिगम(Social Emotional Learning - SEL)  के विकास में स्कूल के साथ-साथ माता-पिता भी महत्वपूर्ण योगदान होता है।  और सकारात्मक भूमिका निभाते है। 

स्कूल की भूमिका:

सकारात्मक वातावरण प्रदान करना:

स्कूल ऐसा माहौल तैयार करे जहाँ छात्र खुद को सुरक्षित, सम्मानित और स्वीकार महसूस करें।

SEL को पाठ्यक्रम में शामिल करना:

विद्यालयों को SEL को पढ़ाई के साथ जोड़ना चाहिए, जिससे बच्चे रोज़मर्रा की कक्षा में ही भावनात्मक शिक्षा पा सकें।

शिक्षकों का प्रशिक्षण:

शिक्षकों को SEL की रणनीतियों का प्रशिक्षण देना चाहिए ताकि वे छात्रों के व्यवहार और भावनाओं को सही दिशा में मोड़ सकें।

समूह गतिविधियाँ और चर्चा:

छात्रों के बीच सहयोग, संवाद और सहानुभूति बढ़ाने के लिए गतिविधियाँ आयोजित की जानी चाहिए, जैसे कि भूमिका निभाने वाले खेल, समूह चर्चा आदि।

मानसिक स्वास्थ्य का ध्यान रखना:

परामर्शदाता (counselors) और शिक्षक मिलकर बच्चों की मानसिक समस्याओं को समय रहते पहचानकर उन्हें सहयोग दे सकते हैं।

माता-पिता की भूमिका:

भावनाओं को समझने में मदद करना:

माता-पिता को बच्चों की भावनाओं को मान्यता देनी चाहिए और उन्हें सही शब्दों में व्यक्त करना सिखाना चाहिए।

घर में सकारात्मक उदाहरण प्रस्तुत करना:

बच्चे बड़ों के व्यवहार की नकल करते हैं, इसलिए माता-पिता को सहानुभूति, धैर्य और सम्मान दिखाने की आवश्यकता है।

खुले संवाद को बढ़ावा देना:

बच्चों को अपने विचार और भावनाएँ खुलकर व्यक्त करने के लिए प्रोत्साहित करें।

नियम और अनुशासन सिखाना:

प्रेमपूर्वक अनुशासन और ज़िम्मेदारी सिखाना SEL का एक महत्वपूर्ण हिस्सा है।

स्कूल के साथ समन्वय:

माता-पिता को नियमित रूप से स्कूल से संपर्क में रहना चाहिए और बच्चे के सामाजिक-भावनात्मक विकास में स्कूल का सहयोग करना चाहिए।

"कैसे दूर करें छात्र जीवन का तनाव?"

आज के दौर में शिक्षा का स्तर जितना ऊपर जा रहा है, उतना ही छात्रों पर दबाव भी बढ़ता जा रहा है। यह दबाव धीरे-धीरे मानसिक बोझ और फिर तनाव का रूप ले लेता है। छात्र जीवन, जो कभी सीखने और खेलने का समय माना जाता था, अब चिंता और प्रतिस्पर्धा से भर गया है। 

तनाव क्या है?

तनाव एक मानसिक स्थिति है, जिसमें व्यक्ति चिंता, भय, असहजता या दबाव महसूस करता है। जब कोई छात्र पढ़ाई, परीक्षा, भविष्य या सामाजिक अपेक्षाओं को लेकर मानसिक रूप से असहज हो जाता है, तो वह तनाव का शिकार हो सकता है।

छात्रों में तनाव के मुख्य कारण

• पढ़ाई और परीक्षा का दबाव
• अच्छे अंक लाने की होड़
• फेल होने या पिछड़ने का डर

भविष्य को लेकर अनिश्चितता

• कौन-सा विषय चुनें?
• करियर कैसे बनेगा?

माता-पिता और समाज की अपेक्षाएँ

• "तुम्हें टॉप करना है" जैसी बातें
• दूसरों से तुलना करना

एकाकीपन और संवाद की कमी

• अपनी भावनाओं को किसी से साझा न कर पाना
• दोस्ती में समस्याएं

डिजिटल लाइफ और सोशल मीडिया

• दूसरों की सफलता देखकर खुद को छोटा महसूस करना
• नींद की कमी और ध्यान भटकाव

तनाव के लक्षण

• चिड़चिड़ापन
• सिर दर्द या नींद न आना
• पढ़ाई में मन न लगना
• आत्मविश्वास की कमी
• अकेले रहना पसंद करना

तनाव से निपटने के उपाय

• समय का सही प्रबंधन करें – टाइम टेबल बनाएं और आराम को भी जगह दें।
• योग और ध्यान करें – रोज़ाना कुछ समय खुद के लिए निकालें।
• माता-पिता या दोस्तों से बात करें – मन हल्का होता है।
• सोशल मीडिया का सीमित उपयोग करें – वर्चुअल दुनिया से दूरी रखें।
• परिणाम से ज्यादा प्रयास पर ध्यान दें – मेहनत कीजिए, फल अपने आप आएगा।

निष्कर्ष

छात्रों में तनाव एक गंभीर समस्या है, लेकिन यह असंभव नहीं कि इससे निपटा जाए। ज़रूरत है समझदारी, सहयोग और आत्मविश्वास की। अभिभावकों, शिक्षकों और समाज को मिलकर एक ऐसा वातावरण बनाना होगा जहाँ छात्र खुलकर साँस ले सकें, अपने सपनों को जी सकें — बिना तनाव, बिना डर के।

भूपेंद्र रावत 

"जानिए 2025 में कब आएंगे CBSE, ICSE, UP, हरियाणा और उत्तराखंड बोर्ड के नतीजे?"

देशभर में अलग-अलग बोर्ड्स से 10वीं और 12वीं की परीक्षाएं देने वाले लाखों छात्र अब बेसब्री से अपने परिणाम का इंतज़ार कर रहे हैं। यह समय न केवल उत्सुकता का होता है, बल्कि छात्रों के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण मोड़ भी होता है, क्योंकि इन्हीं परिणामों के आधार पर वे अपने आगे के करियर की दिशा तय करते हैं।

10वीं कक्षा के छात्रों के लिए यह परिणाम तय करेगा कि वे आगे विज्ञान, वाणिज्य या कला जैसे किस स्ट्रीम में आगे बढ़ेंगे। वहीं 12वीं के छात्रों के लिए यह नतीजा और भी अहम होता है, क्योंकि यह उनके कॉलेज चयन, प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं की तैयारी और भविष्य के करियर पर सीधा प्रभाव डालता है।

परिणाम आने के बाद छात्र अपने पसंदीदा क्षेत्र में आगे की पढ़ाई शुरू कर पाएंगे। किसी को इंजीनियरिंग में जाना है, तो कोई मेडिकल, लॉ, मैनेजमेंट या आर्ट्स के क्षेत्र में अपना भविष्य देख रहा है। लेकिन यह फैसला पूरी तरह से उनके बोर्ड परीक्षा के प्रदर्शन पर आधारित होगा।

आज इस लेख के माध्यम से जानेंगे कि अलग अलग बोर्ड्स CBSE, ICSE, HARYANA BOARDS, UP BOARDS, UTTRAKHAND BOARD इत्यादि कब 2025 बोर्ड परीक्षाओं का परिणाम घोषित करेंगे?

नीचे विभिन्न बोर्ड्स द्वारा 2025 की कक्षा 10वीं और 12वीं के परीक्षा परिणामों की संभावित तिथियाँ दी गई हैं:

बोर्ड का नाम कक्षा 10 परिणाम तिथि कक्षा 12 परिणाम तिथि

CBSE:- मई 2025 के मध्य या अंत तक मई 2025 के मध्य या अंत तक

ICSE / ISC (CISCE) मई 2025 के दूसरे सप्ताह में मई 2025 के दूसरे सप्ताह में

हरियाणा बोर्ड (HBSE) 12 मई 2025 (संभावित) 30 अप्रैल 2025 (संभावित)

उत्तर प्रदेश बोर्ड (UPMSP) 20-25 अप्रैल 2025 के बीच (संभावित) 20-25 अप्रैल 2025 के बीच(संभावित)

उत्तराखंड बोर्ड (UBSE) 19 अप्रैल 2025, सुबह 11 बजे 19 अप्रैल 2025, सुबह 11 बजे

परिणाम कैसे देखें?

CBSE: cbseresults.nic.in

ICSE/ISC: cisce.org

हरियाणा बोर्ड: bseh.org.in

UP बोर्ड: upmsp.edu.in / upresults.nic.in

उत्तराखंड बोर्ड: ubse.uk.gov.in / uaresults.nic.in

SMS से 10वीं और 12वीं का परिणाम देखने का तरीका (2025)

✅CBSE Board (10th & 12th)

• SMS Format: CBSE10 <Roll Number> या CBSE12 <Roll Number>
• Send To: 7738299899
• उदाहरण: CBSE12 1234567

✅ ICSE / ISC Board (CISCE)

• ICSE (Class 10) Format: ICSE <Unique ID>
• ISC (Class 12) Format: ISC <Unique ID>
• Send To: 09248082883
• उदाहरण: ICSE 1234567

✅ UP Board (UPMSP)

• 10वीं: UP10 <Roll Number>
• 12वीं: UP12 <Roll Number>
• Send To: 56263
• उदाहरण: UP12 1234567

✅ हरियाणा बोर्ड (HBSE)

• SMS में आपको "RESULTHB12" (या RESULTHB10
• Send To: 56263
• उदाहरण: RESULTHB12 1234567, RESULTHB10 123456

• जानकारी के लिए HBSE की वेबसाइट देखें: bseh.org.in

✅ उत्तराखंड बोर्ड (UBSE)

• SMS में आपको "UK12" (या UK10
• Send To: 5676750
• उदाहरण: UK12  1234567,UK10 123456

 टिप्स:

• SMS भेजने के बाद कुछ मिनटों में आपका रिजल्ट मोबाइल पर आ जाएगा।
• SMS सेवा पर सामान्यतः ₹1 से ₹3 तक का शुल्क लग सकता है।
• सुनिश्चित करें कि आपके मोबाइल में पर्याप्त बैलेंस और नेटवर्क हो।