SET – 2 (ANSWER Key)
SOCIAL SCIENCE
2024-2025
1. C
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. D
10. B
11. B
12. D
13. B
14. C
15. B
16. C
17. D
18. A & D
19. A
20. B
SECTION - B
21. (1) Arid soils:
(i) They range from red to brown in colour.
(ii) They are generally sandy in texture and saline in nature.
(iii) ln some areas, the soil contains high percentage of soluble salt and lack in organic matter.
(iv) Soil lacks humus and moisture.
(v) The lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar.
(vi) These sols can become cultivable if irrigation facilities are made available as has been in the case of western Rajasthan.
(b) Places: These soils are found in arid areas of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana.
OR
(2) Forest soils:
(i) They are found in mountainous area. (ii) They are loamy and silty in valley slides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. (iii)In the snow covered areas of the Himalayas they are acidic with low humus content.
(b) Places: They are found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests are available. These places are Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir.
22. Horizontal Division of Power- It is the sharing of power among the different organs of government, for example, power sharing by the executive, the Legislature and the Judiciary. In this type of power-sharing arrangement, different organs of government, placed at the same level, exercised different powers. Such a separation ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power, thereby putting a check on each other.
23. Key aspects of the 1991 economic reforms:
• Liberalization:
Removal of most industrial licenses, reducing quantitative restrictions on imports, and simplifying import procedures.
• Privatization:
Allowing private companies to enter sectors previously reserved for the public sector, and disinvestment in public sector enterprises.
• Foreign Investment:
Encouraging foreign direct investment by easing regulations and opening up more sectors to foreign participation.
• Fiscal Discipline:
Reducing the fiscal deficit through measures like tax reforms and expenditure control.
24. The First World War had the following economic impact on India:
(iv) In order to meet a huge rise in defense expenditure, the government increased taxes on individual incomes and business profits.
(ii) Increased military expenditure and the demands for war supplies led to a sharp rise in prices which created great difficulties for the common people.
(v) The war created a demand for industrial goods like jute bags, cloth, rail, etc. and caused a decline in imports from other countries into India.
(iv) Indian industries expanded during the war and Indian business groups began to demand greater opportunities for development.
SECTION – C
25. Democracy is accountable and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens because:
1) In a democracy people have the right to choose their representatives and the people will have control over them.
2) Citizens have the right to participate in decision making that affects them all. This ensures that the working of the government is transparent.
3) Everybody expect the government to be attentive to the needs and expectations of the people.
4) It is expected that the democratic government develops mechanisms for citizens to hold the government accountable.
5) The opposition parties can also question and criticize the government policies. They keep a check on the ruling party and make sure that it does not misuse the power.
26. In hilly regions people built diversion channels for agriculture known as “guls” or “kuls”.
1. In the flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields. In this the flood water is diverted through channels to the fields for irrigation.
2. Rooftop, rainwater harvesting was commonly practised in Rajasthan.
3. In arid and semi arid regions, agricultural fields are converted into rain-fed storage structures that allow water to stand and moisten the soil like khadins in Jaisalmer and Johads in other parts of Rajasthan.
27. As a medium of exchange, money primarily functions by:
• Facilitating trade:
Money allows people to buy and sell goods and services easily by providing a universally accepted form of payment, eliminating the need for a "double coincidence of wants" present in a barter system.
• Simplifying transactions:
By acting as a common medium, money streamlines the exchange process, making it quicker and more efficient to complete transactions between individuals.
• Separating buying and selling power:
Money enables a person to sell their goods for money today and then use that money to purchase different goods later, allowing for flexibility in the buying and selling process.
28. The Indian Constitution divides powers between the Union and state governments through three lists in the Seventh Schedule:
• Union List: The subjects on which Parliament can make laws
• State List: The subjects on which state legislatures can make laws
• Concurrent List: The subjects on which both the Union and state governments can make laws
29. The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin on 5 March 1931 before the Second Round Table Conference in London.
The following were the proposed conditions:
• Stopping of the civil disobedience movement by the Indian National Congress.
• Participation of Indian National Congress in the Second Round Table Conference.
• Withdrawal of all laws issued by the British Government forcing checks on the exercises of the Indian National Congress.
• A release of prisoners arrested during Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Permit the free collection or manufacture of salt by persons near the seacoast.
Or
Role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh
i. Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers like making astrological predictions healing people and surviving bullet shots
ii. The rebels proclaimed him as an incarnation of God.
iii. Raju was inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement
iv. Persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking.
v. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force not non-violence.
vi. Used guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. To be assessed as whole
SECTION – D
30. The British colonial government in India primarily used the "Vernacular Press Act of 1878" to censor the press, which allowed them to heavily restrict Indian language newspapers by giving the government the power to seize publications deemed "seditious," effectively silencing criticism and hindering the growing nationalist movement by limiting the spread of anti-colonial ideas through the press; this act was seen as a major attempt to control public opinion and suppress dissent among the Indian population.
Key points about the Vernacular Press Act and its effects:
• Strict Control:
The Act gave District Magistrates the authority to demand copies of any vernacular newspaper, and if a report was considered seditious, the newspaper could be warned, fined, or even have its printing press confiscated.
• Targeting Vernacular Press:
This act specifically targeted Indian language newspapers, while English language publications were largely excluded, which further limited the reach of nationalist messages to the wider Indian population.
• Impact on Nationalist Movement:
By suppressing critical voices in the press, the Vernacular Press Act hampered the ability of nationalist leaders to mobilize public opinion against British rule, limiting the spread of information about colonial injustices and political movements.
• "Gagging Act":
Due to its restrictive nature, the Vernacular Press Act was often referred to as a "gagging act" as it effectively stifled freedom of expression in the Indian press.
Or
The evolution of print in India is one of the most significant landmarks of modern history. While the country already had a rich tradition of vernacular manuscripts being written for centuries, the introduction of the printing press in the mid-16th century was revolutionary.
Initially used by Jesuit priests to translate pamphlets into Konkani, multiple newspapers and journals had been published at the end of the 18th century. With the launch of India’s first newspaper, the ‘Bengal Gazette’ in 1780, the printing press soon became a hub for new ideas.
That said, we will now discuss the evolution of print in India and how it impacted Indian society at large.
Manuscripts Before the Age of Print:
The practice of writing manuscripts was an essential factor that contributed to the evolution of print in India. The country has had a rich history of manuscripts written in various vernacular languages. These manuscripts were then printed on dried palm leaves or handmade paper.
Owing to this, many people became literate without ever reading any texts.
Religious Reforms and Public Debates
Religious issues became common during the early 19th century. People became more rational and started criticising current practises. Reformers called for reform, while others argued against it.
Print encouraged the reading of religious texts, especially among Hindus. The vernacular press also gained momentum, with several other newspapers and journals following in their footsteps. Moreover, it helped in encouraging discussions, debate, and harmony among different religions.
Newer Forms of Publication
Newer forms of publication became popular, even as more people became interested in learning and reading. Novels became a popular form of storytelling.
Women and Print
In the 19th century, women’s relationship with print as a medium of expression developed further. Various schools were established in various cities throughout India for women to get educated.
Rassundari Devi, the author of ‘Amar Jiban’, learned to read and write in the secretive atmosphere of her kitchen. In the 1860s, women like Kailashbashini Debi wrote books that discussed women’s plight and ill-treatment in society.
An entire area in Calcutta, known as ‘Battala,’ was devoted to printing popular books. With woodcut illustrations and coloured lithographs, these books became immensely popular among women.
Print and Poor People
Cheap books were brought from the markets, while public libraries were set up in the cities and towns. By the 19th century, class discrimination was a prominent theme in most literature, with Kashibaba’s ‘Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal‘ becoming an iconic piece of literature about class discrimination.
Print and Censorship
Censorship was not a cause of concern under the East India Company. While the Supreme Court of Calcutta passed regulations that curbed press freedom in 1835, then-Governor-General Bentinck agreed to review these laws later.
31.Public Sector Private Sector
Definition
Public sector organisations are owned, controlled and managed by the government or other state-run bodies.
Private sector organisations are owned, controlled and managed by individuals, groups or business entities.
Ownership
The ownership of the public sector units can be by central, state or local government bodies, and this ownership is either full or partial.
The ownership of private sector units is by individuals or entities with zero interference from the government.
Motive
The main motive of public sector organisations is to engage in activities that serve the general public.
The main motive of the private sector is to earn profits from their business operations.
Source of Capital
The capital for public sector undertakings comes from tax collections, excise and other duties, bonds, treasury bills etc.
The capital for private sector entities comes either from its owners or through loans, issuing shares and debentures, etc.
Employment Benefits
Public sector units provide several employment benefits like job security, housing facilities, allowances and retirement benefits.
Private sector units offer benefits like higher salary packages, better chances of promotion and recognition, competitive environment and greater incentives in terms of bonus and other benefits.
Stability
Jobs within the public sector are very stable since the chances of getting sacked due to non-performance are very low. Jobs within the private sector are not very secure since non-performance can lead to sacking. Companies can also fire people in case of cost cutting or scaling down of operations.
Promotions
The criteria for promotion in the public sector units is generally based on the seniority of the employee.
The criteria for promotion in the private sector units is generally based on the merit and job performance of the employee.
Areas
Some of the main areas that come under the public sector are police, military, mining, manufacturing, healthcare, education, transport, banking, etc.
Some of the main areas that come under the private sector are information technology, finance, fast moving consumer goods, construction, hospitality, pharmaceuticals, etc.
OR
1. Diversification of Agriculture:- More than 60 % our workers are employed in agriculture but our farmers are producing only limited crops. There is need to diversify agriculture. Farmers should be encouraged to adopt pisiculture, horticulture animal rearing etc. along with cultivation of crop. The government can spend some money or banks can provide a loan, to construct wells or other irrigation facilities to irrigate the land. A dam can be constructed or canals can be dug to irrigate many farms. This could lead to a lot of employment generation within the agricultural sector itself reducing the problem of underemployment
2. Cheap Credit:- Most of the farmers depend on informal sources of credit. Government should encourage the commercial banks to provide loans to the farmers at cheaper rates.
3. Provision of basic facilities:- Our rural areas lack basic facilities like roads, transportation, banking, market etc. The government should invest some money in these sectors so that Indian village can be linked to other market. This activity can provide productive employment to not just for farmers but also other such as those in services like transport or trade.
4. Promotion of local industries:- Promote and locate industries especially the cottage and small scale industries in semi rural areas where a large number of people may be employed.
5. Improvement in Education & Health:- Most of the Indian villages lack education and health facilities. A study conducted by the planning commission estimates that nearly 20 lakh job can be created in education sector alone. Similarly. We need many more doctors, nurses, health workers in rural areas.
6. Tourism or regional craft industry, or new services like IT require proper planning and support from the government. Study by the Planning Commission say that if tourism as a sector is improved, every year we can give additional employment to more than 35 lakh people.
32. i Land reforms: Collectivisation consolidation of holdings cooperation and abolition of zamindari.
ii Agricultural reforms: Green revolution and White revolution.
iii Land development programmes: Provision for crop insurance against drought flood cyclone etc. establishment of Grameen banks Cooperative societies and banks for providing loans
iv Issuing of Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme etc.
v Special weather bulletins and agricultural programmes for farmers on radio and TV.
vi Government announces Minimum Support Price MSP and remunerative and procurement prices to clreck exploitation.
vii The government provides HYV seeds and fertilisers.
viii Government provides technical assistance and training for farmers.
ix Soil testing facilities cold storage and transportation facilities are provided by government for farmers.
Or
The geographical conditions required for the growth of rice are as follows:
i) It is a kharif crop which requires hot and humid climate for cultivation. Temperature (above 25°C) and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm are favourable for the growth of rice.
ii) Rich alluvial soils of the floodplains and deltaic areas which are renewed every year are ideal for rice cultivation.
iii) Rice requires abundant rainfall or good water supply through irrigation and flooded fields during the earlier part of its growing season in June-July.
33. Secularism is the very idea of the Indian Constitution" is justified because the Indian Constitution explicitly promotes the concept of secularism by guaranteeing freedom of religion to all citizens, prohibiting discrimination based on religion, and not establishing any state religion, making it a core principle of the nation's governance and identity; essentially, the Constitution is built upon the foundation of treating all religions equally.
Key points to support this statement:
• Explicit inclusion in the Preamble:
The word "secular" was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution through the 42nd Amendment, signifying the state's commitment to secularism.
• Article 25-28:
These articles in the Constitution guarantee the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate any religion, subject to public order and morality.
• No state religion:
India does not have an official state religion, ensuring neutrality in religious matters.
• Prohibition of discrimination based on religion:
The Constitution explicitly prohibits discrimination on the basis of religion.
OR
Give proper value to ‘women’s work’
The unpaid work women and girls do provide the foundation for the global economy. This fact needs to be highlighted more in the media, with the private sector, and in communities.
Get women into power
A proven way to overcome many systemic barriers to a woman’s success has been increased participation by women in local, regional and national legislation as empowered change agents.
Encourage women into non-traditional vocations
Supporting women in non-traditional jobs is crucial in not only making long-lasting change in their lives but also help break social taboos.
Stop the violence
The UN has found that globally, one in three women will experience violence in her lifetime, with most violence against women perpetrated by a current or former intimate partner.
Stop child marriage and sexual harassment
If we want girls to be able to complete education we have to end child marriage. We also have to seriously address sexual harassment of girls.
Make education gender sensitive
There has been much progress in increasing access to education, but progress has been slow in improving the gender sensitivity of the education system, including ensuring textbooks promote positive stereotypes.
SECTION - E
34.
a. Assured employement with fixed working hours and regular pay.
b. Provident fund, gratuity, health insurance
c. It is necessary to all self employed people to register with the government to ensure compliance with tax laws and regulations and to avail themselves of potentials benefits like government schemes and subsidies.
35.
a. A key political demand of liberals during this period was the establishment of constitutional monarchies
b. Fear of repression from conservative government
c. Repressive policies, Political instability, Need for organizations and training.
36.
a. Magnetite with 70% iron
b. Hematite
c. Iron ore is a basic mineral because it is the primary raw material for steel production which is crucial for various industries making it the foundation of industrial development.
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