दिव्यांगता (Divyangta) का अर्थ और भारतीय कानून के अनुसार इसके प्रकार

Bhupendra Rawat -

दिव्यांगता (Divyangta) का अर्थ और भारतीय कानून के अनुसार इसके प्रकार 

दिव्यांगता (Divyangta) का अर्थ है—किसी व्यक्ति की शारीरिक, मानसिक, बौद्धिक या संवेदनात्मक क्षमताओं में ऐसा दीर्घकालिक बाधा जो उसके दैनिक जीवन के कार्यों को करने में अड़चन पैदा करती हो। सरल भाषा में कहें तो यह ऐसी स्थिति होती है जिसमें व्यक्ति को शिक्षा, रोजगार, संचार, या सामाजिक भागीदारी में कठिनाई होती है।


भारतीय कानून के अनुसार दिव्यांगता की परिभाषा:

  • RPWD Act 2016 (Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016) के अनुसार, दिव्यांग व्यक्ति वह है—
  • "जिसे शारीरिक, मानसिक, बौद्धिक या संवेदी दुर्बलता है जो लंबे समय तक बनी रहती है और उसे समाज में बराबरी के आधार पर भाग लेने में बाधा पहुंचाती है।"

भारतीय कानून (RPWD Act, 2016) के अनुसार दिव्यांगता के प्रकार (Types of Disability):

भारत सरकार ने 21 प्रकार की दिव्यांगता को मान्यता दी है। इन्हें मुख्यतः 5 वर्गों में बांटा जा सकता है:

1. शारीरिक दिव्यांगता (Physical Disability):

  • बौनापन (Dwarfism)
  • अस्थि बाधित (Locomotor Disability)
  • मस्कुलर डिस्ट्रॉफी (Muscular Dystrophy)
  • एसिड अटैक पीड़ित (Acid Attack Victim)
  • सेलीब्रल पाल्सी (Cerebral Palsy)
  • पोलियो या किसी कारणवश अंग का उपयोग न कर पाना

2. बौद्धिक दिव्यांगता (Intellectual Disability):

  • बौद्धिक मंदता (Intellectual Disability)
  • विशिष्ट शिक्षा सम्बन्धी अक्षमता (Specific Learning Disabilities)
  • जैसे – डिस्लेक्सिया, डिस्कैल्कुलिया
  • स्वायत्तता विकार (Autism Spectrum Disorder)

3. मानसिक व्यवहार संबंधी विकार (Mental Behaviour/Illness):

  • मानसिक रोग (Mental Illness)
  • जैसे – अवसाद (Depression), स्किज़ोफ्रेनिया आदि

4. दृश्य और श्रवण दिव्यांगता (Visual & Hearing Disabilities):

  • दृष्टिहीनता (Blindness)
  • कम दृष्टि (Low Vision)
  • बहरापन (Deafness)
  • कम सुनाई देना (Hard of Hearing)
  • बधिर-बोल न सकने वाले (Deaf and Mute)

5. विविध दिव्यांगता (Multiple & Other Disabilities):

  • विविध दिव्यांगता (Multiple Disabilities) – दो या अधिक दिव्यांगताओं का होना
  • थैलेसेमिया
  • हीमोफीलिया
  • सिकल सेल रोग (Sickle Cell Disease)
  • क्रोनिक न्यूरोलॉजिकल कंडीशन – जैसे मल्टीपल स्क्लेरोसिस, पार्किंसन रोग
  • स्पीच एंड लैंग्वेज डिसएबिलिटी (बोलने और भाषा में अक्षम)


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