Chapter 2: Diversity in the Living World

Bhupendra Rawat -

 Chapter 2: Diversity in the Living World

NCERT QUESTIONS/ANSWERS

1. Diversity in Plants and Animals

  • - Diversity means variety or differences among living organisms.
  • - Plants differ in height, stem, leaves, flowers, shape, colour and smell.
  • - Animals differ in body shape, size, food, habitat and movement.
  • - The variety of plants and animals found in a region is called its biodiversity.
  • - Plants and animals are often dependent on each other. For example, trees provide food and shelter, while animals help in seed dispersal. 

2. Grouping of Plants and Animals

  • - Grouping means arranging living organisms into groups based on their common features.
  • - Grouping makes it easier to understand and study plants and animals.
  • - Plants can be grouped using features such as:
  •   - Height
  •   - Stem
  •   - Leaves
  •   - Flowers
  •   - Roots
  •   - Leaf venation
  • - Animals can be grouped according to:
  •   - Food habits
  •   - Habitat
  •   - Movement
  •   - Shape, size and other features. 

3. Types of Plants

  • Type Main Features Example
  • Herbs Small plants with soft, green stems Tomato
  • Shrubs Medium-sized plants with hard, woody stems; branches arise near the ground Rose
  • Trees Tall plants with thick, hard, woody stems; branches arise higher up Mango
  • Climbers Weak stems; need support to grow upward
  • Creepers Weak stems; grow along the ground

4. Leaf Venation:- Venation is the pattern of veins present in a leaf.

  • - Reticulate venation: Veins form a net-like pattern.   - Example: Hibiscus
  • - Parallel venation: Veins run parallel to one another.   - Examples: Banana, grass     

5. Types of Roots:- 

  • Taproot:- - Has one main root with smaller side roots. Example: Mustard, hibiscus
  • Fibrous root:- - Has a bunch of thin roots of similar size arising from the base of the stem. - Example: Grass     

6. Monocots and Dicots

Feature                     Dicots                                     Monocots

  • Cotyledons                 Two                                                 One
  • Leaf venation                 Generally reticulate                 Generally parallel
  • Root system                 Taproot                                         Fibrous
  • Example                         Chickpea                                         Maize

Cotyledon is a seed part that is present in one or two numbers in different groups of plants.     class - 6 Diversity in the livi…

7. Grouping Animals:- Animals show diversity in:

  • - Movement
  • - Body shape and size
  • - Colour
  • - Structure
  • - Food habits

Habitat:- Different animals use different body parts for movement:

  • - Fish → fins
  • - Birds → wings and legs
  • - Ant → legs
  • - Goat → legs    

8. Plants and Animals in Different Surroundings:- Different regions have different plants and animals because environmental conditions differ.

Examples:- Desert: Cactus has thick, fleshy stems that help store water.

  • Mountains: Deodar trees have a conical shape and sloping branches that help snow slide off.
  • Water: Fish have streamlined bodies and fins that help them swim.     

9. Adaptation:- Adaptations are special features that help plants and animals survive in a particular region.

Examples:

  • Cactus → thick, fleshy stem for storing water.
  • Deodar → conical shape and sloping branches.
  • Camel → features that help it survive in deserts.     class - 6 Diversity in the livi…

10. Habitat:- A habitat is the place where a plant or animal lives.

  • Terrestrial habitats: Land habitats. Examples: forests, deserts, grasslands and mountains.
  • Aquatic habitats: Water habitats. Examples: ponds, lakes, rivers and oceans.
  • Amphibians can live both on land and in water. Example: Frog.     

11. Loss and Conservation of Biodiversity

  • Damage to habitats causes loss of homes, food and other resources.
  • This can lead to a loss of biodiversity.
  • Human activities have contributed to the decline of species such as the Bengal Tiger, Cheetah and Great Indian Bustard.
  • Project Tiger was started in 1973.
  • The Cheetah Reintroduction Project was started in 2022.
  • Sacred groves are community-protected forest areas that help conserve biodiversity.

NCERT Questions and Answers
1. Here are two types of seeds. What differences do you find among the roots and leaf venation of their plants?
(a) Wheat
(b) Kidney beans
Answer:  
Plant                         Type of Root                             Leaf Venation
Wheat                         Fibrous roots                             Parallel venation
Kidney bean                 Taproot                                     Reticulate venation
Wheat is a monocot, while kidney bean is a dicot plant.

2. Group the following animals based on their habitats.
Animals: Horse, Dolphin, Frog, Sheep, Crocodile, Squirrel, Whale, Earthworm, Pigeon, Tortoise
Answer:
A – Aquatic animals:  
- Dolphin
- Whale
B – Terrestrial animals:  
- Horse
- Sheep
- Squirrel
- Earthworm
- Pigeon
C – Animals living in both habitats:  
- Frog
- Crocodile
- Tortoise
3. Manu’s mother maintains a kitchen garden. One day, she was digging out radish from the soil. She told Manu that radish is a kind of root. Examine a radish and write what type of root it is. What type of venation would you observe in the leaves of radish plant?
Answer:- Radish has a taproot because it has one main root with smaller side roots. The leaves of the radish plant have reticulate venation.
4. Look at the image of a mountain goat and a goat found in the plains. Point out the similarities and differences between them. What are the reasons for these differences?
Answer:  - Similarities:
- Both are goats.
- Both have four legs.
- Both have a similar basic body structure.
- Both feed mainly on plants.
Differences:
- The mountain goat has features suited for living and moving in mountainous areas.
- The goat found in the plains has features suited to the flatter surroundings.
Reason:
These differences are due to adaptations. Animals develop special features that help them survive in their particular surroundings.
5. Group the following animals into two groups based on any feature other than those discussed in the chapter.
Animals: Cow, cockroach, pigeon, bat, tortoise, whale, fish, grasshopper, lizard.
Answer: One possible grouping is based on the presence or absence of wings.
Group A – Animals with wings:  
- Cockroach
- Pigeon
- Bat
- Grasshopper
Group B – Animals without wings:  
- Cow
- Tortoise
- Whale
- Fish
- Lizard
Other logical groupings based on observable features are also possible.
6. As the population grows and people want more comfortable lives, forests are being cut down to meet various needs. How can this affect our surroundings? How do you think we can address this challenge?
Answer:- Cutting down forests can destroy the habitats of plants and animals. They may lose their homes, food and other resources. This can reduce biodiversity and disturb the balance of nature.
We can address this challenge by:
- Protecting forests and natural habitats.
- Planting and protecting trees.
- Avoiding unnecessary cutting of forests.
- Protecting endangered plants and animals.
- Creating awareness about biodiversity conservation.
7. Analyse the flowchart. What can be examples of ‘A’ and ‘B’?
The flowchart groups plants according to their leaves and venation.
Answer:
- A: A plant having leaves with reticulate venation — for example, hibiscus.
- B: A plant having leaves but without reticulate venation, generally showing parallel venation — for example, maize.
Thus:
A → Hibiscus
B → Maize
8. Raj argues with his friend Sanjay that “Gudhal (hibiscus) plant is a shrub.” What questions can Sanjay ask for clarification?
Answer:- Sanjay can ask:
1. How tall is the hibiscus plant?
2. Does it have a hard, woody stem?
3. Does it have several branches arising close to the ground?
4. Is its stem soft or woody?
5. Does its structure match the characteristics of a shrub?
On observing these features, hibiscus can be identified as a shrub because it is a medium-sized plant with woody stems and branches close to the ground.
9. Group A has dicot plants with taproots, while Group B has monocot plants with fibrous roots.
(a) What other similarities do plants of Group A have?
Answer:- Plants of Group A generally have:
- Two cotyledons in their seeds.
- Reticulate venation in their leaves.
- A taproot system.
Examples: Chickpea, mustard, hibiscus.
(b) What other similarities do plants of Group B have?
Answer:
Plants of Group B generally have:
- One cotyledon in their seeds.
- Parallel venation in their leaves.
- Fibrous roots.
Examples: Wheat, maize, grass.
10. Observe the labelled part of a duck in the picture. What differences do you observe in the feet of the duck compared to the other birds? Which activity would the duck be able to perform using this part?
Answer:-The duck has webbed feet, in which the toes are connected by a thin membrane. Unlike many other birds, its toes are joined together.
These webbed feet act like paddles and help the duck swim efficiently in water.

Comments

Post a Comment

Most Popular

Class - 9 Social Science Part - 2 Goyal Prakashan

Bhupendra Rawat -
Class - 9 Social Science Part - 2  Goyal Prakashan   Chapter 1: Water in the Oceans Chapter - 2 Disaster Preparedness and Regulatory Frameworks Chapter 3: Forests, Biodiversity and Livelihoods Chapter 4 Theme III: Building a Resilient India (1000–1700 CE) Early Medieval India (750–1000 CE) Chapter 5: Later Medieval India Chapter - 6, Theme IV : India and the World – I (1900 BCE – 1200 CE) Chapter 7 Understnding Authority Chapter - 8 Theme IV: From Ideas to Startups Entrepreneurship and Startups Chapter - 9 - financial planning investment and taxation. Class - 9 Worksheet Part 1 & Part 2
Read more

Class - 8 Social Science Part - 2

Bhupendra Rawat -
Chapter Notes including Questions/Answers Chapter - 1 World Geography: Some Glimpses   Chapter - 2 India's Long Road to Independence Chapter - 3 A Journey Through Indian Architecture Chapter 4 The Role of Judiciary in Our Society Chapter - 5 Citizenships - Right and Duties Chapter - 6 Dynamics of Population Chapter 7 India's Urban Landscape Chapter 8 Bhakti Sufi Traditions and Culture Worksheet Class - 8 Part 2
Read more

Chapter - 3 The Dynamic Atmosphere and Changing Climate (Class- 9) (GOYAL PRAKASHAN)

Bhupendra Rawat -
Chapter - 3   The Dynamic Atmosphere and Changing Climate What is Atmosphere:-  The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. It is made up of gases like Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), and small amounts of Carbon dioxide, Argon, and Water vapour. It protects life on Earth and makes it possible for living organisms to survive. Why is the Atmosphere Important:-  The atmosphere plays a very important role: Provides Oxygen – Needed for breathing by humans and animals. Supports Life – Plants use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Protects Earth – Shields us from harmful rays of the Sun. Maintains Temperature – Keeps Earth warm enough for life (greenhouse effect). Weather Formation – Clouds, rain, wind, and storms happen in the atmosphere. What is Climate:-  Climate is the average weather condition of a place over a long period of time (years or decades). It includes temperature, rainfall, humidity, and wind patterns. Importance of Climate Affects Agricu...
Read more

CHAPTER 4 The Colonial Era in India

Bhupendra Rawat -
 CHAPTER - 4  The Colonial Era in India NCERT QUESTIONS/ANSWER Question:- 1 What is colonialism? Give three different definitions based  on the chapter or on your knowledge. Answer:- Colonialism is defined as the process by which one powerful country established political, economic, social, and cultural control over another territory, often for its own benefit. Systemic Control: A foreign power takes control of a territory to exploit its resources for its own gain. Political Subjugation: The direct rule, conquest, or imposition of control by one nation over another. Socio-Economic Exploitation: The systematic exploitation of a region's economy and labor, paired with the imposition of the colonizer's culture. Question:- 2 Colonial rulers often claimed that their mission was to ‘civilise’ the people they ruled. Based on the evidence in this chapter, do you think this was true in the case of India? Why or why not? Answer:- The claim that the British mission was to ‘c...
Read more

Class - 9 Worksheets

Bhupendra Rawat -
  Chapter 1: Understanding Social Science Chapter 2 Shaping of the Earth's Chapter 3 Atmosphere and Climate Chapter 4 Early Humans and Beginning of Civilisation Chapter 5 State and Society up to 1000 CE Chapter 6 Democracy Chapter 7 Election Chapter 8 Building Blocks in Economics Chapter 9 The Price Puzzle – What Drives the Market Goyal Publishers Social Science Class 9 Part - 2 Worksheets Chapter 1: Water in the Oceans Chapter - 2 Disaster Preparedness and Regulatory Frameworks Chapter 3: Forests, Biodiversity and Livelihoods Chapter 4: Theme III – Building a Resilient India (1000–1700 CE) Early Medieval India (750–1200 CE) Chapter: 5 Later Medieval India Chapter - 6 Theme IV: India and the World – I (1900 BCE – 1200 CE) Chapter 7: India from 750 CE to 1200 CE Chapter 8: Understanding Authority Chapter - 9 Theme IV: From Ideas to Startups Entrepreneurship and Stratups Chapter 10: Financial Planning, Investment and Taxation Class - 9 Worksheets Goyal Publishers Social Sc...
Read more